Interfacial tension between a complex coacervate phase and its coexisting aqueous phase

Soft Matter ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Spruijt ◽  
Joris Sprakel ◽  
Martien A. Cohen Stuart ◽  
Jasper van der Gucht
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Complex Coacervate ◽  
Coacervate Phase

scholarly journals Синтез полистирольных суспензий в условиях получения эмульгатора на границе раздела фаз

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinara Adikanova ◽  
Gulzhakhan Yeligbayeva ◽  
Erengaip Shaikhutdinov ◽  
Inessa Gritskova
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Phase Boundary ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Narrow Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Diagnostic Kits ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Protein Cell ◽  
Kinetics Of

<p>Emulsion polymerization of styrene was investigated using as an emulsifier the salts of stearic and lauric acids with cations of different metals (K<sup>+</sup>, Li<sup>+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>).</p><p>The emulsifier was injected in two ways: using ready salts entered into the aqueous phase (1) or salts formed at the phase boundary of monomer/water at the moment of polymerization (2).</p><p>The second method of injection of the emulsifier proved to be more effective. In this case, there was a significant reduction in the interfacial tension which promotes intense microemulsification of monomer.</p><p>The kinetics of the polymerization were studied by the method of dilatometry. Interfacial tension at the phase boundary monomer/water was measured by  stalagmometric method. The sizes of the particles of polymer suspensions were determined by electrophoretic light scattering.</p><p>It is shown that the polystyrene suspension with narrow particle size distribution and with diameter of 0.2 microns can be obtained using as an emulsifier 0.5% of lithium stearate in the conditions of its synthesis at the phase boundary, with a volume ratio of the monomer/aqueous phase of 1:10, the concentration of the initiator - 0.1%.</p><p>Monodispersed granules of polystyrene suspensions with diameter of 0.2 microns are highly promising as carriers of protein cell to create diagnostic kits for various diseases.</p>

scholarly journals CERTAIN INTERFACIAL TENSION RELATIONS AND THE BEHAVIOR OF BACTERIA IN FILMS

1924 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 647-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Mudd ◽  
Emily B. H. Mudd
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Solid Particle ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Liquid Interface ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Interfacial Tensions ◽  
Two Fluids

To account for the behavior of a solid particle in the interface between two fluids it is necessary to consider, as indicated by Clark Maxwell, three surface tensions: Tso, the tension in the interface between the solid particle and the organic phase; Tsw, the tension in the interface between solid particle and aqueous phase; and Tow, the organic phase-water interfacial tension. If Tso &gt; Tsw + Tow, (2), the stronger solid-organic phase tension should pull the line of intersection of the three phases around the periphery of the solid particle until the particle is completely enveloped in the water phase. If Tsw &gt; Tow + Tow (3), the solid-water tension should pull the line of meeting of the phases about the particle until it is enveloped in the organic phase. If See PDF for Equation the particle should be stable in the interface, only leaving it when mechanical work overcomes the equilibrium due to the balance of interfacial tensions. The ordinary bacteria used have been stable in the interfaces between water or aqueous solutions and all organic liquids tested; i.e., condition (4) obtains. In preparations in which Tow is large, stability has been found by experiment to be greater than when Tow is small, as follows from condition (4). The force, dependent upon condition (4), which holds bacteria in the liquid-liquid interface, and the force, dependent upon unequal distribution of tension in the liquid-liquid interface, which causes bacteria to glide along the interface, prove to be of the same order of magnitude as the force due to bacterial flagella. Interfacial tensions or its own motility may dominate the movement of the bacterium, according to circumstances. When bacteria thresh their way out of the interface, escape is into the aqueous phase. Acid-fast bacteria possess very low or, in some cases, no stability in the interface, passing easily or even spontaneously into the organic phase. Good evidence has been advanced by other workers to indicate that the surfaces of ordinary bacteria contain many polar radicals; on the other hand, the acid-fast microorganisms are coated with predominantly non-polar substances. It follows from known principles, therefore, that Tsw should be greater than Tsw with ordinary bacteria, and Tsw should be greater than Tso with acid-fast bacteria. Consideration of relations (2) and (3) above will show that these conditions should result in the differences in behavior of acid-fast and ordinary bacteria actually found by experiment. The theoretical and experimental data here developed contradict the theoretical formulations of the surface tension factor in phagocytosis advanced by Rhumbler and by Tait and substantiate those of Fenn.

scholarly journals Signal responsive transient coacervation in complex coacervate core micelles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reece W. Lewis ◽  
Benjamin Klemm ◽  
Mariano Macchione ◽  
Rienk Eelkema
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Block Copolymers ◽  
Tertiary Amine ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Reaction Network ◽  
Material Design ◽  
Nucleic Acid Delivery ◽  
Complex Coacervate ◽  
Complex Coacervate Core Micelles ◽  
Coacervate Phase

Triggered coacervate phase (de)stabilisation in complex coacervate core micelles (C3Ms) has traditionally been limited to changes in pH and salt concentration, limiting options in responsive C3M material design. To expand this toolbox, we have developed C3Ms, that, at constant physiological pH, assemble and disassemble by coupling to a chemical reaction network (CRN) driven by the conversion of electron deficient allyl acetates and thiol or amine nucleophiles. This CRN produces transient quaternization of tertiary amine-functionalised block copolymers, which can then form the complex coacervate phase. We demonstrate triggered C3M assembly using two different allyl acetates, resulting in dramatically different assembly rates from hours to days. These are applied in various combinations with selected nucleophiles, demonstrating sequential signal induced C3M formation and deformation, as well as transient non-equilibrium (de)formation. We expect that timed and signal-responsive control over coacervate phase formation at physiological pH will find application in nucleic acid delivery, nano reactors and protocell research.

Calcium and Hydrogen ion Concentration and the Interfacial Tension of Pyrethrum Extracts (With Four Text-figures.)

1931 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Hobson
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
White Spirit ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydroxyl Ion ◽  
Petroleum Solvent

1. The addition of a pyrethrum extract to a petroleum solvent, semirefined white spirit, considerably lowers its interfacial tension against water. The tension also depends upon the reaction of the aqueous phase, decreasing as the alkalinity increases.2. The addition of agral W.B. to a solution of pyrethrum extract further lowers the interfacial tension more especially against acid solutions, thereby decreasing the sensitivity of the tension value to the pH of the aqueous phase.3. The presence of calcium salts in the aqueous phase raises the interfacial tension of solutions of pyrethrum extract.4. Alkaline salts counteract the effect of calcium salts, and the resulting tension values can be correlated with the ratio of calcium to hydroxyl ion concentration.

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