scholarly journals Follower ants in a tandem pair are not always naïve

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Schultheiss ◽  
Chloé A Raderschall ◽  
Ajay Narendra
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Systematic Search ◽  
Directional Bias ◽  
Tandem Running ◽  
Searching Behaviour ◽  
Search Path ◽  
High Incidence

Abstract In addition to foraging individually several species of ants guide nestmates to a goal by tandem running. We found that the Australian ant, Camponotus consobrinus, forages both individually and by tandem running to head to the same goal, nest-specific native Australian trees on which they forage. While paths of solitary foragers and initial paths of tandem followers showed no differences in heading directions or straightness, tandem followers moved at about half the speed of solitary runs. When leaders were experimentally removed, follower ants initially engaged in a systematic search around the point of interruption, following which they either (a) headed directly towards and successfully reached the foraging trees, or (b) continued searching or (c) returned to the nest. The high incidence of followers that successfully navigated towards the foraging trees on their own provides strong evidence that many tandem followers are in fact experienced foragers. Detailed analysis of the searching behaviour revealed that even seemingly lost followers displayed a directional bias towards the foraging trees in their search path. Our results show that in a foraging context follower ants in a tandem pair are not always naïve.

scholarly journals Are you coming on to me? Bias and accuracy in couples’ perceptions of sexual advances

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiersten Dobson ◽  
Lorne Campbell ◽  
Sarah C. E. Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Satisfaction ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Sexual Interest ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Relationship Functioning ◽  
Tracking Accuracy ◽  
Directional Bias ◽  
Sexual Advance ◽  
Relational Outcomes

How accurately do romantic partners perceive each other’s sexual advances? Two preregistered studies investigated whether perceivers over- or underestimate the specific behaviors their partner uses to indicate sexual interest (directional bias), as well as correctly detect the particular pattern of those behaviors (tracking accuracy). We also tested if biased and accurate perceptions were moderated by gender and explored how bias and accuracy predicted relational outcomes. Results revealed strong evidence for tracking accuracy in judgments of sexual advances overall, and mixed results for directional bias. Gender moderated only directional bias, such that women consistently overestimated their partner’s sexual advances, whereas men underestimated or showed no bias. Finally, biased sexual advance perceptions were associated with sexual satisfaction and love for both perceivers and partners. Implications for relationship functioning are discussed.

Stress Uniformity in Albanian: Morphological Arguments for Cyclicity

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Trommer
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Stress Assignment ◽  
Output Constraints ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Stress Uniformity ◽  
Phonological Opacity

The uniformity of stress assignment across inflectional forms in Albanian leads to massive phonological opacity, which seems to lend itself either to paradigmatic output-output constraints ( Benua 1997 , McCarthy 2005 ) or to a stratal organization of phonology ( Kiparsky 2000 , Bermúdez-Otero 2008 ) where inflected word forms preserve the stress assigned to stems at an earlier stratum. In this article, I show that a detailed analysis of Albanian morphology provides strong evidence for a stratal account: stress position in inflected word forms is correctly predicted by their stems, but not by ( partially defective) paradigms.

Colonization and Speciation in Subterranean Environments

2019 ◽  
pp. 147-178
Author(s):  
David C. Culver ◽  
Tanja Pipan
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Lava Tubes ◽  
Dinaric Karst ◽  
Constant Flux ◽  
The Third ◽  
Subsurface Environments ◽  
Diving Beetles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shift Hypothesis

Colonization and speciation in subterranean environments can be conveniently divided into four stages. The first step is colonization of subsurface environments. There is a constant flux of colonists into most subterranean habitats. The second step is the success (or failure) of these colonizations. The third step is speciation. Under the Climate Relict Hypothesis (CRH) surface populations go extinct but under the Adaptive Shift Hypothesis (ASH) they do not necessarily do so, and speciation can be parapatric. There is strong evidence for the CRH among temperate zone fauna, and growing evidence for the ASH in tropical caves, especially lava tubes. The final step is possible further speciation as a result of subsurface dispersal. Detailed analysis of the evolutionary history of the isopod A. aquaticus in the Dinaric karst, diving beetles Paroster in a calcrete aquifer in Western Australia, and trogloxenic Leopoldamys neilli in Thailand reveal some of the complexities of species’ phylogeography.

scholarly journals Studies in the dynamics of disinfection: III. The reaction between phenol andBact. coli: the effect of temperature and concentration: with a detailed analysis of the reaction velocity

1945 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Jordan ◽  
S. E. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Reaction Velocity ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Slow Decline ◽  
True Values

1. Details are given of further experiments on the disinfection ofBact. colicultures by phenol using an improved standardized technique. These were carried out at several temperatures at each of five phenol concentrations.2. An excess of high values of χ2was again observed at high mortalities. Reasons for the occurrence of this phenomenon are discussed.3. The logarithmic death-rates calculated between successive determinations of the surviving cells have been combined and analysed. Strong evidence was obtained that the death-rate rises to a maximum and then falls, sharply at first and then more slowly. There was some evidence for an initial rush in the death-rate.4. The method hitherto adopted for treating these data, based on the assumption that the death-rate rises to a maximum at which it remains constant, has been shown to be a fair approximation but one which leads to low values for thev.s.t.'s.5. Calculated estimates nearer to the true values for thev.s.t.'shave been obtained by treating the last phase of slow decline as one of constant death-rate. All values except those exceeding 1000 min. are increased by this change in method of calculation.6. The newv.s.t.'sdo not alter significantly the value previously obtained for the concentration exponent for phenol at 35°C.

scholarly journals Detailed analysis of chick optic fissure closure reveals Netrin-1 as an essential and conserved mediator of epithelial fusion during vertebrate embryogenesis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Hardy ◽  
J Prendergast ◽  
A Patel ◽  
S Dutta ◽  
V Trejo-Reveles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Essential Requirement ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Protein Localisation ◽  
Anatomical Detail ◽  
Epithelial Fusion ◽  
Human Birth

ABSTRACTEpithelial fusion underlies many vital organogenic processes during embryogenesis. Disruptions to these cause a significant number of human birth defects, including ocular coloboma. We provide robust spatial-temporal staging and unique anatomical detail of optic fissure closure (OFC) in the embryonic chick, including strong evidence for roles of apoptosis and epithelial remodelling. We performed complementary transcriptomic profiling and show that Netrin-1 (NTN1) is precisely expressed in the chick fissure margin at the fusion plate but is immediately downregulated after fusion. We further provide a combination of protein localisation and phenotypic evidence in chick, humans, mice and fish that Netrin-1 has an evolutionarily conserved and essential requirement for OFC, and is likely to have a major role in palate fusion. Our data reveal that NTN1 is a new locus for human coloboma and other multi-system developmental fusion defects, and that chick OFC is a powerful model for epithelial fusion research.

scholarly journals Prevalence of β2-Toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in Horses with Intestinal Disorders

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Herholz ◽  
Raymond Miserez ◽  
Jacques Nicolet ◽  
Joachim Frey ◽  
Michel Popoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Fecal Sample ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Intestinal Disease ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
Enterotoxin Genes ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Interesting Correlation

The incidence of a new, yet unassigned toxin type ofClostridium perfringens containing the genes for the α-toxin and the recently described β2-toxin in horses with intestinal disorders is reported. The study included 18 horses suffering from typical typhlocolitis, 7 horses with atypical typhlocolitis, 16 horses with other intestinal disorders, and 58 horses without intestinal disease. In total, 20 samples of ingesta of the small and large intestines, five biopsy specimens of the intestinal wall, and 74 fecal samples were analyzed bacteriologically. C. perfringens isolates were typed for the presence of the α-, β-, β2-, and ɛ-toxin and enterotoxin genes by PCR, including a newly developed PCR for the detection of the β2-toxin genecpb2. β2-Toxigenic C. perfringens was detected in samples from 13 of 25 (52%) horses with typical or atypical typhlocolitis, with a particularly high incidence in specimens of ingesta and biopsy specimens (75%), whereas only 6 of 16 specimens from horses with other intestinal diseases yielded β2-toxigenicC. perfringens. No β2-toxigenic C. perfringens was found in the samples from the 58 control horses, of which only one fecal sample contained C. perfringenstype A. Among the samples from the 15 horses with fatal cases of typical and atypical typhlocolitis 9 (60%) were positive for β2-toxigenic C. perfringens, whereas samples from only 4 of the 10 (40%) animals with nonfatal cases of infection were positive. We found an interesting correlation between the antibiotic-treated horses which were positive for β2-toxigenicC. perfringens and lethal progression of the disease. NoC. perfringens strains isolated in this study contained genes for the β- and ɛ-toxins and enterotoxin. The high incidence of β2-toxigenic C. perfringens in samples of ingesta, biopsy specimens of the intestinal wall, and feces from horses suffering or dying from typhlocolitis together with the absence of this organism in healthy horses provides strong evidence that β2-toxigenicC. perfringens play an important role in the pathogenesis of typhlocolitis.

The Utilization of Grooved Human Bones: A Reanalysis of Artificially Modified Human Bones Excavated by Carl Lumholtz at Zacapu, Michoacán, Mexico

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grégory Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Cut Marks ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Traumatic Lesions

AbstractThis study reports a detailed analysis of artificial modifications observed on a collection of human bone artifacts from Carl Lumholtz’s nineteenth-century excavations at El Palacio, Michoacán. The data obtained confirm that they were used as musical rasps called omichicahuaztli in Nahuatl and also provide new interpretations of their acquisition, manufacture, and abandonment processes. Cut marks indicate that the bones were taken from fresh cadavers of at least eight individuals, possibly sacrificial victims. Regarding manufacture and use of these instruments, important variations are observed and suggest that different persons could have manipulated them. Finally, it is possible to demonstrate that most of the instruments were broken intentionally prior to being buried with numerous individuals. Regarding the context in which the omichicahuaztli were used, it is interesting to point out some characteristics of the associated skeletons. Among male skulls, the high incidence of traumatic lesions that may have occurred in warlike context strongly suggests that many of the buried individuals were warriors. This association may indicate that Tarascan omichicahuaztli, similar to those of the Aztec!, were used in funerary ceremonies dedicated to dead warriors.

scholarly journals Is there a link between psychopathy and self-harm? A review of the literature

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Campbell ◽  
Anthony Beech
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Systematic Search ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Quality Appraisal ◽  
Psychopathy Checklist ◽  
Self Harm

The aim of this review was to examine whether there is a link between psychopathy and self-harm.  A systematic search identified 14 papers which examine this link. A quality appraisal checklist was used to evaluate the quality of each study. The application of the quality appraisal checklist showed that the majority of the studies had good internal validity; however, there were some biases that affected the external validity of some studies. The results indicated that there may be a positive association between total psychopathy score and self-harm; however some studies with smaller sample sizes and low rates of self-harm failed to show this association. The results of most of the studies showed a positive association between Factor 2 of the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R; Hare, 2003) and self-harm. No link was found between Factor 1 and self-harm. The results did not show consistent evidence for a link between any of the four facets and self-harm. Although this review indicates a link between Factor 2 and self-harm, and a possible link between total psychopathy score and self-harm, the small number of studies in this area means that the research is not robust enough to provide strong evidence for these associations.

The observation of defects on (100) CdTe surfaces by chemical etching

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1424-1425
Author(s):  
M.E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Chemical Etching ◽  
Crystalline Perfection ◽  
Crystalline Defects ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Crystallographic Defects ◽  
Cdznte Substrates ◽  
Device Technology

The crystalline perfection of bulk CdTe substrates plays an important role in their use in infrared device technology. The application of chemical etchants to determine crystal polarity or the density and distribution of crystallographic defects in (100) CdTe is not well understood. The lack of data on (100) CdTe surfaces is a result of the apparent difficulty in growing (100) CdTe single crystal substrates which is caused by a high incidence of twinning. Many etchants have been reported to predict polarity on one or both (111) CdTe planes but are considered to be unsuitable as defect etchants. An etchant reported recently has been considered to be a true defect etchant for CdTe, MCT and CdZnTe substrates. This etchant has been reported to reveal crystalline defects such as dislocations, grain boundaries and inclusions in (110) and (111) CdTe. In this study the effect of this new etchant on (100) CdTe surfaces is investigated.The single crystals used in this study were (100) CdTe as-cut slices (1mm thickness) from Bridgman-grown ingots.

Prosodic Impairment Associated With Traumatic Brain Injury

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Billy Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Acoustic Characteristics ◽  
Individual Variations

Abstract Purpose: This article discusses impaired prosody production subsequent to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Prosody may affect naturalness and intelligibility of speech significantly, often for the long term, and TBI may result in a variety of impairments. Method: Intonation, rate, and stress production are discussed in terms of the perceptual, physiological, and acoustic characteristics associated with TBI. Results and Conclusions: All aspects of prosodic production are susceptible to the effects of damage resulting from TBI. There are commonly associated prosodic impairments; however, individual variations in specific aspects of prosody require detailed analysis.

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