Improvement in age-related cognitive functions and life expectancy by ketogenic diets

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 695-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Astrup ◽  
Mads Fiil Hjorth
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Age Related

Endokrinológiai tényezők és metabolikus folyamatok szerepe az élettartam szabályozásában

2021 ◽  
Vol 162 (33) ◽  
pp. 1318-1327
Author(s):  
Tamás Halmos ◽  
Ilona Suba
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Age Related

Összefoglaló. Az emberek a lehető leghosszabb ideig akarnak élni, jó egészségben. Ha kiküszöbölnénk a kedvezőtlen külső körülményeket, a várható élettartam meghaladhatná a 100 évet. A 20. és 21. században a jóléti társadalmakban a várható élettartam jelentősen megnőtt, így Magyarországon is. Az áttekintett irodalom alapján megvizsgáltuk, hogy a genetika és az öröklődés mellett milyen endokrinológiai és metabolikus tényezők játszanak szerepet az élet meghosszabbításában. Megvizsgáltunk minden endogén tényezőt, amely pozitívan vagy negatívan befolyásolhatja az életkorral összefüggő betegségeket (Alzheimer-kór, szív- és érrendszeri betegségek, rák) és az élettartamot. Kiemeltük a hyperinsulinaemia, az inzulinrezisztencia, a metabolikus szindróma öregedést gyorsító hatását, az inzulinszerű növekedési hormon-1 ellentmondásos szerepét, valamint az élet meghosszabbításában részt vevő, újabban felfedezett peptideket, mint a klotho és a humanin. Ismertettük a mitochondriumok szerepét az élettartam meghatározásában, bemutattuk a mitohormesis folyamatát és annak stresszvédő funkcióját. Bemutattuk a rapamicin célszervét, az mTOR-t, amelynek gátlása meghosszabbítja az élettartamot, valamint a szirtuinokat. Kitértünk az autophagia folyamatára, és ismertettük a szenolitikumok szerepét az öregedésben. Az időskori autoimmunitás csökkenése hozzájárul az élettartam rövidüléséhez, utaltunk a thymus koordináló szerepére. Kiemeltük a bélmikrobiom fontos szerepét az élettartam szabályozásában. Hivatkoztunk a „centenáriusok” megfigyeléséből nyert humánadatokra. Megvizsgáltuk, milyen beavatkozási lehetőségek állnak rendelkezésre az egészségben tölthető élettartam meghosszabbításához. Az életmódbeli lehetőségek közül kiemeltük a kalóriabevitel-csökkentés és a testmozgás jótékony szerepét. Megvizsgáltuk egyes gyógyszerek feltételezett hatásait. Ezek közé tartozik a metformin, az akarbóz, a rezveratrol. E gyógyszerek mindegyikének hatása hasonló a kalóriamegszorításéhoz. Nincs olyan „csodaszer”, amely igazoltan meghosszabbítja az élettartamot emberben. Egyes géneknek és génmutációknak jótékony hatásuk van, de ezt környezeti tényezők, betegségek, balesetek és más külső ártalmak módosíthatják. Kiemeljük az elhízás, az alacsony fokozatú gyulladás és az inzulinrezisztencia öregedésre gyakorolt gyorsító hatását. A metabolikus szindróma elterjedtsége miatt ez jelentős népegészségügyi kockázatot jelent. Az inzulin, a növekedési hormon és az inzulinszerű növekedési faktorok hatásainak értékelése továbbra is ellentmondásos. Az egészséges, szellemileg és fizikailag aktív életmód, a kalóriacsökkentés mindenképpen előnyös. Az életet meghosszabbító szerek értékelése még vitatott. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(33): 1318–1327. Summary. People want to live as long as possible in good health. If we eliminate the unfavorable external conditions, the life expectancy could exceed 100 years. In the 20th and 21th centuries, life expectancy in welfare societies increased significantly, including in Hungary. Based on the reviewed literature, we examined what endocrinological and metabolic factors play a role in prolonging life in addition to genetics and inheritance. We examined all endogenous factors that can positively or negatively affect age-related diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer) and longevity. We highlighted the aging effects of hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, the controversial role of insulin-like growth factor-1, and more recently discovered peptides involved in prolonging lifespan, such as klotho and humanin. We described the role of mitochondria in determining longevity, we demonstrated the process of mitohormesis and its stress-protective function. We presented the target organ of rapamycin, mTOR, the inhibition of which prolongs lifespan, as well as sirtuins. We covered the process of autophagy and described the role of senolytics in aging. The decrease in autoimmunity in old age contributes to the shortening of life expectancy, we referred to the coordinating role of the thymus. We highlighted the important role of intestinal microbiome in the regulation of longevity. We referred to human data obtained from observations on “centenarians”. We examined what intervention options are available to prolong healthy life expectancy. Among the lifestyle options, we highlighted the beneficial role of calorie reduction and exercise. We examined the putative beneficial effects of some drugs. These include metformin, acarbose, resveratrol. The effect of each of these drugs is similar to calorie restriction. There is no “miracle cure” that has been shown to prolong life-span in humans. Some genes and gene mutations have beneficial effects, but this can be modified by environmental factors, diseases, accidents, and other external harms. We highlight the accelerating effects of obesity, low-grade inflammation, and insulin resistance on aging. Due to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, this poses a significant risk to public health. The assessment of the effects of insulin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factors remains controversial. A healthy, mentally and physically active lifestyle, calorie reduction is definitely beneficial. The evaluation of life-prolonging agents is still controversial. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(33): 1318–1327.

Vztah mezi presbyakuzí a poruchou kognitivních funkcí ve stáří PDF uzamčeno English info

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-233
Author(s):  
Jakub Fuksa ◽  
Milan Profant ◽  
Martin Chovanec ◽  
Josef Syka
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Keywords Dementia ◽  
Increased Risk

Age-related hearing loss, presbycusis, is one of the most frequent sensory impairments in the ageing population. It is associated with pathologies of both inner ear and the central parts of the auditory system. Intact cognitive functions are necessary for the proper processing of complex auditory information. Since the beginning of the 80s, there is an increasing amount of evidence linking presbycusis to cognitive impairment and increased risk of dementia. The exact cause, which connects these two pathologies, is still unknown, although there are several hypotheses with various levels of evidence available. This review aims to describe the role of cognitive functions in the auditory processing, to summarize published evidence for a relationship between the hearing loss and cognitive impairment with a possible mechanism, which would explain this link. In addition, we discuss specific features of cognitive assessment in a person with hearing loss and describe the effect of hearing loss treatment, e. g. with hearing aids, cochlear implant and cognitive-hearing training on cognitive functions. Keywords: dementia – hearing loss – presbycusis – cognitive decline

scholarly journals Age differentiation within grey matter, white matter and between memory and white matter in an adult lifespan cohort

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne M. M. de Mooij ◽  
Richard N. A. Henson ◽  
Lourens J. Waldorp ◽  
Cam-CAN ◽  
Rogier A. Kievit
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Adult Lifespan ◽  
Age Related

AbstractIt is well-established that brain structures and cognitive functions change across the lifespan. A longstanding hypothesis called age differentiation additionally posits that the relations between cognitive functions also change with age. To date however, evidence for age-related differentiation is mixed, and no study has examined differentiation of the relationship between brain and cognition. Here we use multi-group Structural Equation Modeling and SEM Trees to study differences within and between brain and cognition across the adult lifespan (18-88 years) in a large (N>646, closely matched across sexes), population-derived sample of healthy human adults from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (www.cam-can.org). After factor analyses of grey-matter volume (from T1- and T2-weighted MRI) and white-matter organisation (fractional anisotropy from Diffusion-weighted MRI), we found evidence for differentiation of grey and white matter, such that the covariance between brain factors decreased with age. However, we found no evidence for age differentiation between fluid intelligence, language and memory, suggesting a relatively stable covariance pattern between cognitive factors. Finally, we observed a specific pattern of age differentiation between brain and cognitive factors, such that a white matter factor, which loaded most strongly on the hippocampal cingulum, became less correlated with memory performance in later life. These patterns are compatible with reorganization of cognitive functions in the face of neural decline, and/or with the emergence of specific subpopulations in old age.Significance statementThe theory of age differentiation posits age-related changes in the relationships between cognitive domains, either weakening (differentiation) or strengthening (de-differentiation), but evidence for this hypothesis is mixed. Using age-varying covariance models in a large cross-sectional adult lifespan sample, we found age-related reductions in the covariance among both brain measures (neural differentiation), but no covariance change between cognitive factors of fluid intelligence, language and memory. We also observed evidence of uncoupling (differentiation) between a white matter factor and cognitive factors in older age, most strongly for memory. Together, our findings support age-related differentiation as a complex, multifaceted pattern that differs for brain and cognition, and discuss several mechanisms that might explain the changing relationship between brain and cognition.

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a modern approach to treatment

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
Madina I. Mazitova ◽  
Rezeda R. Mardieva
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Menopausal Syndrome ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Quality Life ◽  
Common Marker ◽  
Active Interest ◽  
Genitourinary Syndrome

Life expectancy over the past half century has increased significantly and by 2025 approximately one in six people on Earth will be over 60 years old, thus, age-related diseases become even more relevant, this also applies to menopausal syndrome in postmenopausal women. The average age of menopause is 5052 years. In the world 25 million women annually experience menopause and only 10% of them have no pathological manifestations. Genitourinar menopausal syndrome is the second most common marker of menopause. Urogenital disorders are a fairly common nosology, which is confirmed by numerous studies, but not every woman considers it necessary to report a problem to a doctor, considering this a natural course of aging. The increase in life expectancy and rejuvenation of the population is undoubtedly associated with socio-social development and the achievement of medicine, the purpose of which is also to increase the extension of the term of a healthy and quality life. Studies conducted in recent decades to study atrophic hypoestrogenic changes in the urogenital tract will allow us to reconsider our attitude to genitourinar menopausal syndrome and to select appropriate treatment for various groups of patients. But the inability of women, at times, to declare their symptoms associated with vulvovaginal atrophy, and the lack of active interest in this issue by doctors, especially gynecologists, leaves this problem unresolved.

Cognition in Ageing

2018 ◽  
pp. 118-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susmita Halder ◽  
Akash Kumar Mahato
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Daily Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Medical Issues ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Growing Age ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

This chapter focuses on cognitive functions and impairment in the elderly; its implications in daily functioning with inputs on differences in the existing literature. The chapter further focuses on the diagnostic and assessment issues and intervention strategies. Ageing is an inevitable phase of life and encompasses changes in physical, psychological and social realms of an individual. Concern with the dwindling health and presence of any medical issues make the geriatric population prone to develop mental health conditions. Poor memory and reduced functional ability is one of the common complaints from older adults coming to psychiatric or neurology clinics. Cognitive functions have been well documented regarding their role in daily functioning of an individual. With growing age of the brain; while some cognitive functions do slow down; some of the functions do evolve better with experience. In this context, it is important to differentiate between normal age related cognitive changes and symptoms of any degenerative disease.

scholarly journals Kidney Disease in HIV Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaetano Alfano ◽  
Gianni Cappelli ◽  
Francesco Fontana ◽  
Luca Di Lullo ◽  
Biagio Di Iorio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Renal Involvement ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Living With Hiv

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly improved life expectancy of infected subjects, generating a new epidemiological setting of people aging withHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). People living with HIV (PLWH), having longer life expectancy, now face several age-related conditions as well as side effects of long-term exposure of ART. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common comorbidity in this population. CKD is a relentlessly progressive disease that may evolve toward end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and significantly affect quality of life and risk of death. Herein, we review current understanding of renal involvement in PLWH, mechanisms and risk factors for CKD as well as strategies for early recognition of renal dysfunction and best care of CKD.

scholarly journals NIA HEALTH DISPARITIES RESEARCH NETWORK: APPROACHES AND FINDINGS FROM GERIATRICS AND CLINICAL GERONTOLOGY

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S13-S13
Author(s):  
Lyndon Joseph ◽  
CarlV Hill
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Multiple Chronic Conditions ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Reduce Life Expectancy

Abstract Health disparities are differences in the incidence, prevalence and burden of diseases, mortality rates and causes of death that exist among population groups. Health disparities are associated with a broad, complex, and interrelated array of factors that influence health, accelerate aging and reduce life expectancy. NIA’s health disparities research goals are to understand environmental and sociocultural factors and related behavioral and biological mechanisms that diminish health and reduce life expectancy for vulnerable populations, explore the biological mechanisms through which disparities influence age-related change, and identify where disparities emerge in diagnosis, prognosis or treatment in geriatric conditions. Presentations will focus on whether structural-level discrimination may be a key factor in potentiating well known race-related health disparities especially those with an accelerated onset and may be associated with MRI-indicators of subclinical brain pathology; identifying biomarkers for early detection of cognitive and functional decline in high risk subpopulations and how ethnicity influences cerebral spinal fluid and imaging biomarkers link to early identification of cognitive and functional impairment ; effects of medication management and deprescribing among African American and Hispanic older adults with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias and multiple chronic conditions; examine the use of multi-level factors and technology to overcome the barriers to urban-rural health disparities in managing many chronic diseases such as hepatitis C virus infection and delivery of appropriate medical services; and understanding the racial and ethnic differences in the link between environmental exposures and auto-immune comorbid asthma.

Poisoning among older people with dementia: a wake up call

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1755-1756
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Etherton-Beer
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Older People ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Human Lifespan ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Age Related

Medical care can be both “a blessing and a curse”. The contributions of medicines to increased human lifespan and falling mortality from the major cardiovascular diseases are undisputed. However, in lockstep with remarkable extension of human lifespan has been increase in the numbers of people living with chronic age related neurodegenerative conditions and frailty. In frail, multi-morbid populations, with limited homeostatic reserve and life expectancy, the balance between the risk and harms of medicines can be in equipoise. In this context the number of older people living with dementia is increasing, and understanding threats to the quality of life of people with dementia is of growing significance. Among the myriad potential causes of harm to older people with dementia, in this issue of the journal Mitchell and colleagues present new Australian data reminding us of the importance of admissions due to both intentional and unintentional poisoning.

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