Vztah mezi presbyakuzí a poruchou kognitivních funkcí ve stáří PDF uzamčeno English info

Age-related hearing loss, presbycusis, is one of the most frequent sensory impairments in the ageing population. It is associated with pathologies of both inner ear and the central parts of the auditory system. Intact cognitive functions are necessary for the proper processing of complex auditory information. Since the beginning of the 80s, there is an increasing amount of evidence linking presbycusis to cognitive impairment and increased risk of dementia. The exact cause, which connects these two pathologies, is still unknown, although there are several hypotheses with various levels of evidence available. This review aims to describe the role of cognitive functions in the auditory processing, to summarize published evidence for a relationship between the hearing loss and cognitive impairment with a possible mechanism, which would explain this link. In addition, we discuss specific features of cognitive assessment in a person with hearing loss and describe the effect of hearing loss treatment, e. g. with hearing aids, cochlear implant and cognitive-hearing training on cognitive functions. Keywords: dementia – hearing loss – presbycusis – cognitive decline

The Relationship Between Depression and Dementia in the Context of the Impact on Mortality Rates

The aim of the study was to summarize research data on depressive disorders in dementia and to clarify the presence of their impact on mortality rates in dementia. Materials and methods: To compile a literature review on the keywords “dementia”, “mortality” and “depression”, papers were selected and analyzed in the MEDLINE/PubMed and eLibrary databases from 2000 to 2020, as well as relevant references of the analyzed papers. Of the 245 Russian-language and 142 English-language papers, 64 publications were selected for further analysis. Results: the relationship between depression and dementia in late life is complex and is still under debate. Depression can be both a risk factor for the development of dementia and prodromal syndrome, or accompany the development of dementia. Depression is common in all types of dementia and in all stages of the disease, including mild cognitive impairment. Depression and vascular dementia may have a synergistic effect on mortality. Conclusion: the results obtained in the course of the study are important for integral understanding of the peculiarities of managing patients with various types of dementia.

Factors Associated With Dementia In The Elderly At Cakung District Health Center In 2020

Dementia is an acquired intellectual and memory dysfunction caused by brain disease, and is not associated with impaired levels of consciousness. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with dementia in the elderly at the Cakung District Health Center in 2020. This study is a quantitative study with a correlative descriptive research design with a cross sectional study approach. The population consisted of elderly patients who participated in prolanis activities at the Cakung District Health Center. Sampling using total sampling. The sample consisted of 60 respondents. Data analysis using chi square test. The results showed a relationship between age (p = 0.000), physical activity (p = 0.000) and dementia. Physical activity needs to be done by the elderly to inhibit the factors that accelerate the onset of dementia. Counseling and learning about physical activity in the elderly should be a program in providing health services to the elderly, especially to prevent dementia. Keywords : Dementia, Physical Activity

Nitric Oxide: The Common Link in Different Forms of Dementia

Dementia broadly refers to a global decline in cognitive and higher functions of the brain. With the gradually increasing number of aging population, the incidence of dementia has been steadily rising and expected to increase further in the coming years. The causes and forms of dementia are wide-ranging and diverse, with Alzheimer’s disease being its best studied form. With increasing knowledge about various effects and mechanisms of nitric oxide, this chemical neurotransmitter appears to be the connecting link in the cellular pathogenesis of dementia. An exhaustive search of research articles, commentaries and books published from 1990s onwards was performed with various words and combinations linked to dementia and nitric oxide. The existing medical literature shows both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of nitric oxide. The present article intends to delve into this topic and provide a lucid understanding of the role of nitric oxide in dementia. Keywords: Dementia, Nitric Oxide, Alzheimer’s disease, excitotoxicity, nitrosative stress.

Recent insights into Early Onset Dementia (EOD): A Review

The present study aims to review the prevalence and etiology of Early Onset Dementia (EOD) reflected in the population based studies worldwide .For this purpose, Bibliographic database searches and rigorous literature review were performed using the following keywords namely: “Dementia”, “Early onset dementia”, “Alzheimer’s disease” and “Senile Dementia” from the following databases: Pubmed, Medline between the years 2005 to 2019. The summary of report findings suggest that the prevalence of early onset dementia is reported to occur in 3-5% of the Indian population among predisposed individuals. This is an attempt to accumulate and collate in one spot all sort of multifactorial associations behind the pathogenesis of EOD in youth. These causes are Genetic change, Brain comorbidities, Alzheimer's ailment, vascular complications and increasingly other neuropsychiatric complications. We have made an attempt to analyze the pathogenesis of the early onset dementia in relation to their outcomes and a few manifestations which demonstrate the same. Future large-scale systematic reviews and network meta-analysis in this domain would facilitate dissemination of credible information with regards to the causative mechanism and possible therapeutic interventions and viable alternatives to possibly tackle and mitigate EOD. Keywords: Dementia, Early onset dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Genetic alterations.

The Effect of Vitamin B12, Physical and Cognitive Activity on Idiopathic Forgetfulness

Aim: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of physical activity, vitamin B supplementation and mental activity on cognitive functions in middle-aged individuals with subjective forgetfulness. Methods: We included 82 people between 40-65 years of age who were admitted to Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Family Medicine and Neurology Departments polyclinics with the complaint of subjective forgetfulness between May 2017 and May 2018. General physical examination, blood tests including B12, folic acid level and thyroid functions were performed. In addition to the socio-demographic questionnaire, Beck Anxiety and Beck Depression Scale, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test, Visual and Verbal Memory Tests were performed. Sixty-eight subjects were randomly allocated to 3 groups as cognitive activity, physical activity and vitamin B supplementation. The physical activity group made a minimum of half-hour brisk walk daily. The cognitive activity group was asked to solve a hooked puzzle every day. Vitamin supplement group used daily vitamin B complex. At the end of the third month, cognitive tests and B12 blood level test were repeated. Results: Improvement in cognitive functions was found only in the walking group. Long-term visual memory and verbal memory sub-test scores improved significantly in all groups. There were some differences between the groups in terms of verbal memory subtest scores. Conclusion: In people with forgetfulness, walking, puzzle and vitamin B supplementation seem to have positive effects even after a period of three months in terms of cognitive functions and memory. Keywords: dementia, cognitive activity, exercise, physical, B vitamins

The Effect of Training on Dementia Care among Nurses: A Systematic Review

Background: Dementia has become a global concern in ageing societies nowadays. Nurses have major roles in caring for dementia patients in various settings. There have been many trainings on dementia conducted for nurses and other health staff. However, reviews of the effect of the trainings on nurses are still scarce. This paper aims to review the impact of training on dementia care among nurses in differents settings. Method: systematic search from Medline, Pubmed and Scopus was conducted until February 2019. Additional references were collected using Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria were: primary papers, written in English, involving nurses, and related to dementia. Results: There were 20 papers included in this review. In terms of methodology, most of the articles employ quantitative method (90%). Only one article uses qualitative method (5%) and another one employs mixed methods design (5%). Pretest and posttest design is the mostly used design and four articles use Randomized Control Trial (RCT). The settings of the papers were nursing home or long-term care facilities (45%), hospitals (35%) and other settings (20%). The lenght of the training was varied from 2 hours to 18 hours within a maximum period of eight months. The various outcome measures are categorised into four domains: cognitive, physical, psychological and working performance. The results of the review indicate that training and education for nurses can improve their knowledge, attitude, confidence and self efficacy towards better dementia care. However, the results regarding staff burnout, stress and physical health complaint are still unclear. Conclusion: raining and education in dementia care were varied and generally improve nurses’ capacities mainly in cognitive domain. However, the effect for the psychological and their working performance were still doubted Keywords: dementia, training, education, nurses

Cost-effectiveness of interventions for people with dementia without caregiver: A Systematic Review

Objective: This study was conducted to answer the three questions: 1- What intervention with no caregiver to increase cost-effectiveness in patients with dementia have been implemented? 2- How has disease progression changed in these interventions? 3- How has cost effectiveness changed in these interventions? Methods: The databases were searched from PubMed, Cochrane and Science Direct. Studies on cost-effectiveness of interventions for people with dementia without caregiver published from 2010 to 2020 have been filtered. Systematic review was carried out according to the Cochrane Collaboration methodology. Search for documents based on PICOTS standards: Population - Patients with dementia, regardless of disease severity; Intervention - Intervention with no-caregiver for dementia patients; Comparison - The intervention group and the control group; Outcome measure - Disease progression and Cost effectiveness; Time - Studies published from January to January 2020. Study design: A randomized controlled trial. Study subjects are not age restricted. Results: 2163 documents were found, of which, there are 15 documents satisfy the criteria. (1) Modes of intervention: There are 3 studies on exercise interventions, 2 studies on drug treatment, the rest are different treatment programs. In which, the START program has done the most studies with 3 studies. (2) Disease progression: Out of the 15 studies, 14 found the difference between the intervention group and the control group. The intervention group mostly had higher QALYs and had better disease progression. (3) Cost-effectiveness: There are 11 out of 15 studies showing the cost-effectiveness of the intervention group compared with the usual care group. 4 remaining studies did not show a cost-effectiveness and there is no evidence of cost-effectiveness unless the service user is willing to pay certain amount for that intervention. Conclusion: This study shows evidence of no-caregiver interventions that improve dementia and increase the cost-effectiveness of treatment. Keywords: dementia, cost-effectiveness, no-caregiver, review.

Identifying Risk of Dementia Using Subjective Cognitive Decline (Scd) Instruments Among Elderly in Bandung, Indonesia

Cognitive decline in the elderly is often referred to as dementia. Dementia is an effect of the aging process, which impacts the brain function. The subjective cognitive decline happens when a person’s cognitive perceptions experience decline but remain within parameters considered normal. A screening process for this condition is one of the efforts which can improve welfare services for the elderly. Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) is cognitive self-reports that assess subjective cognitive impairment abilities by prompting the recall of frequently experienced events. SCD has a double function, as an instrument for both early detection and the prevention of disease. This study aims to identify the risk of dementia using a Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) instrument. This research was conducted using a quantitative descriptive method with a cross-sectional approach. 187 elderly were taken as the sample by consecutive sampling methods, and data were analyzed using univariate analysis. This study showed that most of the respondents have a poor subjective cognitive decline, with 54.0%. The domains that have the most cognitive decline were the orientation with 78.1%, 76.5% of executive function, 68.4% of memory, and 59.4% of language. Demographic data associated with subjective cognitive decline showed poorly in female gender with 55.6%, age> 90 years with 55.3%, high school education with 70.4%, married status with 57.1%, and unemployed with 53.2%. This study concludes that the results of SCD with poor subjective cognitive decline have a risk of developing dementia. Keywords: Dementia, elderly, subjective cognitive decline

Effects of Ambient Bright Light on Neurobehavioral Symptoms in Dementia: A Systematic Review

Most persons living with dementia (PLwD) experience behavioral and psychological symptoms of distress in dementia (BPSDs). Despite increased utilization of bright light to improve BPSDs, the evidence of effectiveness and dosage using ambient light has not been comprehensively examined. This review synthesized research evidence on the effect of ambient light on BPSD in PLwD. A literature search conducted in Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science included keywords: dementia, bright light, ambient light, indirect light, behavior symptoms, agitation, wandering, depression, aggression, and apathy. Original studies that examined the effect of ambient light on BPSDs were included. Six studies were identified. Sample size ranged from 6 to 189. Lighting delivery methods included a lighting table and ceiling-mounted fixtures in public areas and/or participant’s bedroom. Lighting intensity ranged from 1,000-3,000 lux, color temperature ranged from bluish white to warm white, and exposure duration ranged from 4 to 24 hours a day. PLwD with higher light exposure showed more pleasure and alertness. Ambient bright lighting showed mixed results in reducing agitation with one study reporting increased agitation. Three out of four studies showed positive effects upon depressive symptoms. Ambient bright light positively impacted pleasure and alertness. Mixed results on agitation and depressive symptoms may be explained by differences in illuminance, color, duration, and targeted lighting positions. Further studies are needed to confirm the positive effects of ambient light on BPSD. Accurate lighting exposure measurements related to spectral compositions and dosage for individual PLwD would help explain the underlying relationships between lighting and BPSD.