Gli3 and Plzf cooperate in proximal limb patterning at early stages of limb development

Nature ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 436 (7048) ◽  
pp. 277-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Barna ◽  
Pier Paolo Pandolfi ◽  
Lee Niswander
Keyword(s):  
Limb Development ◽  
Limb Patterning ◽  
Early Stages

Etude expérimentale sur les premiers stades du développement du membre antérieur chez l'embryon du Chélonien Emys orbicularis L.: détermination en mosaïque et régulation

Development ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
J. Vasse
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Emys Orbicularis ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Regional Determination

Experimental study on the early stages of development of the front limbs of the embryo of the chelonian Emys orbicularis L.: mosaic determination and regulation Ablation of postotic somites 6–13 on one side in embryos of Emys orbicularis L. or injury to the adjacent somatopleure at the developmental stage when 15–21 somite pairs were present, led to arrest of forelimb-bud development in this part of the somatopleure on the operated side. Limb development in the remaining part of prospective somatopleure on the operated side was investigated 5–11 days after the operation. When this part of somatopleure was adjacent to cranial somites 6–9 or 6–10, the development stopped at the start of the apical crest as in Anguis or Scelotes forelimb-buds. A part of somatopleure adjacent to caudal somites 8–12, 9–12 or 10–12 developed into a normal limb with three segments; a part of somatopleure adjacent to 1–2 somites only, developed into a reduced limb, scarcely swelling. Each somitic level developed in relation to its initial regional determination dependent on position in the cephalocaudal axis; to its environment (cranial or caudal bud) and to the quantity of somatopleural material in the bud.

scholarly journals Co-option of the Limb Patterning Program in Cephalopod Lens Development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Neal ◽  
Kyle J. McCulloch ◽  
Francesca Napoli ◽  
Christina M. Daly ◽  
James H. Coleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Lens Development ◽  
Limb Patterning ◽  
Regulatory Relationship ◽  
Radial Patterning ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractAcross the Metazoa, similar genetic programs are found in the development of analogous, independently evolved, morphological features. The functional significance of this reuse and the underlying mechanisms of co-option remain unclear. Here we identify the co-option of the canonical bilaterian limb pattering program redeployed during cephalopod lens development, a functionally unrelated structure. We show radial expression of transcription factorsSP6-9/sp1, Dlx/dll, Pbx/exd, Meis/hth, and aPrdlhomolog in the squidDoryteuthis pealeii, similar to expression required inDrosophilalimb development. We assess the role of Wnt signaling in the cephalopod lens, a positive regulator in the developing limb, and find the regulatory relationship reversed, with ectopic Wnt signaling leading to lens loss. This regulatory divergence suggests that duplication of SP6-9 in cephalopods may mediate this co-option. These results suggest that the limb network does not exclusively pattern appendage outgrowth but is performing a more universal developmental function: radial patterning.

Etudes expérimentales sur le rôle des somites au cours des premiers stades du développement du membre antérieur chez l'embryon du Chélonien Emys orbicularis L.

Development ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-430
Author(s):  
Par J. Vasse
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Emys Orbicularis ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Early Stages

Experimental study on the role of the somites during the early stages of development of the front limbs of the embryo of the chelonian Emys orbicularis L. Ablation of postotic somites 6–13 on one side in embryos of Emys orbicularis L. at the developmental stage when 20–23 somite pairs were present, led to arrest of forelimb-bud development in the somatopleure adjacent to the ablated somites on the operated side. Limb development in the somatopleure adjacent to intact somites on the operated side was unaffected, attaining the same stage as on the non-operated side. Ablation at later stages (25–33 somite pairs) did not prevent development of the limb adjacent to the ablated somites. When a part of the prospective somatopleure was injured, the remaining part formed a small limb-bud. When an obstacle was placed between the somatopleural mesoderm and the adjacent somite, development of the somatopleure stopped at this level. These results corroborate those obtained from previous studies in various reptilian embryos concerning the role of the ventral somite extensions as activators of proliferation in the somatopleural mesoderm. Injury to the ventral extension alone led to serious disturbances in the somatopleural mesoderm adjacent to this somite.

scholarly journals Co-option of the limb patterning program in cephalopod eye development

BMC Biology ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Neal ◽  
Kyle J. McCulloch ◽  
Francesca R. Napoli ◽  
Christina M. Daly ◽  
James H. Coleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Lens Development ◽  
Limb Patterning ◽  
Regulatory Relationship ◽  
Radial Patterning ◽  
Refractive Lens ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Novel Structures

Abstract Background Across the Metazoa, similar genetic programs are found in the development of analogous, independently evolved, morphological features. The functional significance of this reuse and the underlying mechanisms of co-option remain unclear. Cephalopods have evolved a highly acute visual system with a cup-shaped retina and a novel refractive lens in the anterior, important for a number of sophisticated behaviors including predation, mating, and camouflage. Almost nothing is known about the molecular-genetics of lens development in the cephalopod. Results Here we identify the co-option of the canonical bilaterian limb patterning program during cephalopod lens development, a functionally unrelated structure. We show radial expression of transcription factors SP6-9/sp1, Dlx/dll, Pbx/exd, Meis/hth, and a Prdl homolog in the squid Doryteuthis pealeii, similar to expression required in Drosophila limb development. We assess the role of Wnt signaling in the cephalopod lens, a positive regulator in the developing Drosophila limb, and find the regulatory relationship reversed, with ectopic Wnt signaling leading to lens loss. Conclusion This regulatory divergence suggests that duplication of SP6-9 in cephalopods may mediate the co-option of the limb patterning program. Thus, our study suggests that this program could perform a more universal developmental function in radial patterning and highlights how canonical genetic programs are repurposed in novel structures.

The chick limbless mutation causes abnormalities in limb bud dorsal-ventral patterning: implications for the mechanism of apical ridge formation

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (12) ◽  
pp. 3851-3861 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Grieshammer ◽  
G. Minowada ◽  
J.M. Pisenti ◽  
U.K. Abbott ◽  
G.R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Local Application ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Potential Link

In chick embryos homozygous for the limbless mutation, limb bud outgrowth is initiated, but a morphologically distinct apical ridge does not develop and limbs do not form. Here we report the results of an analysis of gene expression in limbless mutant limb buds. Fgf4, Fgf8, Bmp2 and Msx2, genes that are expressed in the apical ridge of normal limb buds, are not expressed in the mutant limb bud ectoderm, providing molecular support for the hypothesis that limb development fails in the limbless embryo because of the inability of the ectoderm to form a functional ridge. Moreover, Fgf8 expression is not detected in the ectoderm of the prospective limb territory or the early limb bud of limbless embryos. Since the early stages of limb bud outgrowth occur normally in the mutant embryos, this indicates that FGF8 is not required to promote initial limb bud outgrowth. In the absence of FGF8, Shh is also not expressed in the mutant limb buds, although its expression can be induced by application of FGF8-soaked beads. These observations support the hypothesis that Fgf8 is required for the induction of Shh expression during normal limb development. Bmp2 expression was also not detected in mutant limb mesoderm, consistent with the hypothesis that SHH induces its expression. In contrast, SHH is not required for the induction of Hoxd11 or Hoxd13 expression, since expression of both these genes was detected in the mutant limb buds. Thus, some aspects of mesoderm A-P patterning can occur in the absence of SHH and factors normally expressed in the apical ridge. Intriguingly, mutant limbs rescued by local application of FGF displayed a dorsalized feather pattern. Furthermore, the expression of Wnt7a, Lmx1 and En1, genes involved in limb D-V patterning, was found to be abnormal in mutant limb buds. These data suggest that D-V patterning and apical ridge formation are linked, since they show that the limbless mutation affects both processes. We present a model that explains the potential link between D-V positional information and apical ridge formation, and discuss the possible function of the limbless gene in terms of this model.

scholarly journals Retinoids reprogramme pre-bud mesenchyme to give changes in limb pattern

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Wilde ◽  
S.E. Wedden ◽  
C. Tickle
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Apical Ectodermal Ridge ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Limb Pattern

Retinoic acid was locally applied to presumptive limb regions of chick embryos to find out the earliest time at which the limb pattern can be reprogrammed. When beads soaked in retinoic acid were placed in the appropriate positions in embryos at stage 10 or older, duplicated or reduced leg patterns resulted. To pin point the time at which the cells in the limb rudiment respond to the retinoid, beads were removed at various times and the lengths of exposure required to reprogramme limb development found. The early limb rudiments require longer exposures to give duplications than late rudiments. The effective treatment periods last at least until stage 17 when the limb bud and apical ectodermal ridge develop. In contrast, the length of exposure to reduce the limb is constant at early stages. Retinoids first start acting to produce duplicated structures between stages 10 and 13. Therefore, retinoids appear to begin to reprogramme the cells as soon as they are determined to give rise to a limb.

scholarly journals Expression and regulation of Cek-8, a cell to cell signalling receptor in developing chick limb buds

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 1147-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Patel ◽  
R. Nittenberg ◽  
D. D'Souza ◽  
C. Irving ◽  
D. Burt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Limb Patterning ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase Gene ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Gene

The Eph-related receptor tyrosine kinase gene, Cek-8, is expressed in mesenchyme at the tip of chick limb buds, with high levels of transcripts posteriorly and apically but fading out anteriorly. Expression of Cek-8 in distal mesenchyme is regulated by apical ridge- and FGF-polarising signals and retinoic acid, and is uniform across the anteroposterior axis in talpid3 mutants. These data indicate that Cek-8 expression responds to regulatory signals during limb patterning and suggest that this receptor tyrosine kinase may have a role in coordinating responses to signals in the progress zone of early buds. Later on in limb development, Cek-8 expression is associated with cell condensations that form tendons and their attachments to cartilage rudiments and then in developing feather buds.

scholarly journals The effect of local application of retinoic acid to the anterior margin of the developing chick limb

Development ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-289
Author(s):  
Dennis Summerbell
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Anterior Margin ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Local Application ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Full Dose ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
High Doses

Local application of retinoic acid to the chick limb bud produces effects that are dose and/or stage dependent. Low doses and/or old stages tend to give normal limbs or perhaps one or two supernumerary digits of a more anterior character. Medium doses and/or intermediate stages tend to give full mirror-image supernumeraries with two or even three extra digits including particularly digits of a posterior character. High doses and/or early stages give limbs in which supernumerary digits fail to form or are lost, and in which even host skeletal elements are missing or reduced. The effects are graded over the full dose and/or stage range. Various explanations are discussed in the context of the current hypotheses of limb development. We conclude that one should not necessarily interpret the results as evidence that retinoids normally play a part in the control of development or regeneration.

scholarly journals Minor spliceosome disruption causes limb growth defects without altering patterning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle D Drake ◽  
Christopher Lemoine ◽  
Gabriela S Aquino ◽  
Anna M Vaeth ◽  
Rahul N Kanadia
Keyword(s):  
Limb Development ◽  
Intron Retention ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Small Nuclear Rna ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Limb Patterning ◽  
Growth Defects ◽  
Primordial Dwarfism ◽  
Nuclear Rna

AbstractDisruption of the minor spliceosome causes primordial dwarfism in microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1. Similarly, primordial dwarfism in domesticated animals is linked to positive selection in minor spliceosome components. Despite the importance of minor intron splicing in limb size regulation, its role in limb development remains unexplored. Here we show that loss of U11 small nuclear RNA, an essential minor spliceosome component, results in stunted limbs that maintain patterning. Notably, earlier loss of U11 corresponded to increased severity. We find that limb size is reduced due to elevated minor intron retention in minor intron-containing genes that regulate cell cycle. Limb progenitor cells experience delayed prometaphase to metaphase transition and prolonged S-phase, resulting in death of rapidly dividing, distally located progenitors. Consequently, crucial limb patterning genes are upregulated and their expression is maintained spatially to achieve basic patterning. Overall, these findings reveal a potential mechanism shared in disease and domestication.

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