Free Fatty Acids of the Skin Surface and Barrier Zone in Normal and Abnormal Keratinization1

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M Coon ◽  
Victor R Wheatley ◽  
Franz Herrmann ◽  
Leona Mandol ◽  
Jean Gowdey
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Barrier Zone

scholarly journals Free Fatty Acids of the Skin Surface and Barrier Zone in Normal and Abnormal Keratinization

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Coon ◽  
Victor R. Wheatley ◽  
Franz Herrmann ◽  
Leona Mandol ◽  
Jean Gowdey
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Barrier Zone

scholarly journals Lipids and the Permeability and Antimicrobial Barriers of the Skin

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip W. Wertz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Mechanical Trauma ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Lipid Film ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Intercellular Lipid

The primary purpose of the epidermis of terrestrial vertebrates is to produce the stratum corneum, which serves as the interface between the organism and the environment. As such, the stratum corneum provides a permeability barrier which both limits water loss through the skin and provides a relatively tough permeability barrier. This provides for a degree of resistance to mechanical trauma and prevents or limits penetration of potentially harmful substances from the environment. The stratum corneum consists of an array of keratinized cells embedded in a lipid matrix. It is this intercellular lipid that determines the permeability of the stratum corneum. The main lipids here are ceramides, cholesterol, and fatty acids. In addition, the skin surface of mammals, including humans, is coated by a lipid film produced by sebaceous glands in the dermis and secreted through the follicles. Human sebum consists mainly of squalene, wax monoesters, and triglycerides with small proportions of cholesterol and cholesterol esters. As sebum passes through the follicles, some of the triglycerides are hydrolyzed by bacteria to liberate free fatty acids. Likewise, near the skin surface, where water becomes available, some of the ceramides are acted upon by an epithelial ceramidase to liberate sphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, and 6-hydroxysphingosine. Some of the free fatty acids, specifically lauric acid and sapienic acid, have been shown to have antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity. Also, the long-chain bases have broad spectrum antibacterial activity.

scholarly journals Application of Sebum Lipidomics to Biomarkers Discovery in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 819
Author(s):  
Stefania Briganti ◽  
Mauro Truglio ◽  
Antonella Angiolillo ◽  
Salvatore Lombardo ◽  
Deborah Leccese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Simultaneous Component Analysis ◽  
Lipid Species

Lipidomics is strategic in the discovery of biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The skin surface lipidome bears the potential to provide biomarker candidates in the detection of pathological processes occurring in distal organs. We investigated the sebum composition to search diagnostic and, possibly, prognostic, biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The observational study included 64 subjects: 20 characterized as “probable AD with documented decline”, 20 as “clinically established PD”, and 24 healthy subjects (HS) of comparable age. The analysis of sebum by GCMS and TLC retrieved the amounts (µg) of 41 free fatty acids (FFAs), 7 fatty alcohols (FOHs), vitamin E, cholesterol, squalene, and total triglycerides (TGs) and wax esters (WEs). Distributions of sebum lipids in NDDs and healthy conditions were investigated with multivariate ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA). The deranged sebum composition associated with the PD group showed incretion of most composing lipids compared to HS, whereas only two lipid species (vitamin E and FOH14:0) were discriminant of AD samples and presented lower levels than HS sebum. Thus, sebum lipid biosynthetic pathways are differently affected in PD and AD. The characteristic sebum bio-signatures detected support the value of sebum lipidomics in the biomarkers search in NDDs.

A Novel Enzymatic Assay for the Quantification of Skin Surface Lipids

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ito ◽  
K Kitamura ◽  
K Sato ◽  
H Akamatsu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Enzymatic Assay ◽  
Menstrual Phase ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurements ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Surface Lipids ◽  
Skin Surface Lipids

The applicability of a novel enzymatic assay for quantifying skin surface lipids was investigated experimentally. The standard curves for the assays of glycerol esters, free fatty acids, and cholesterol and its esters were linear over a wide range of lipid concentrations, which ensures the accuracy of measurements. The assay system also showed good simultaneous reproducibility. There were significant positive correlations ( P < 0.001) between the quantities of glycerol esters, free fatty acids, and cholesterol and its esters sampled from the skin surface of women when measured by the enzymatic assay compared with the gas chromatographic method. The enzymatic assay was applied to studies of the relationships between age, acne and menstrual cycle, and skin surface lipids in women. The quantities of glycerol esters and free fatty acids reached peaks in females in their twenties and thirties. Increased quantities of glycerol esters, free fatty acids, and cholesterol and its esters were observed in women with acne compared with women without acne. Among the women with acne, those in the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle showed increased levels of glycerol esters, free fatty acids, and cholesterol and its esters compared with those in the menstrual phase. The results suggest that the enzymatic method is a satisfactory new technique for the quantification of skin surface lipids.

Methylation of skin surface lipid free fatty acids

1975 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Edwards ◽  
B. Williamson ◽  
W.J. Cunliffe
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Surface Lipid ◽  
Skin Surface Lipid

scholarly journals Corynebacterium accolensReleases Antipneumococcal Free Fatty Acids from Human Nostril and Skin Surface Triacylglycerols

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Bomar ◽  
Silvio D. Brugger ◽  
Brian H. Yost ◽  
Sean S. Davies ◽  
Katherine P. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Habitat Modification ◽  
Pathogen Colonization

ABSTRACTBacterial interspecies interactions play clinically important roles in shaping microbial community composition. We observed thatCorynebacteriumspp. are overrepresented in children free ofStreptococcus pneumoniae(pneumococcus), a common pediatric nasal colonizer and an important infectious agent.Corynebacterium accolens, a benign lipid-requiring species, inhibits pneumococcal growth duringin vitrococultivation on medium supplemented with human skin surface triacylglycerols (TAGs) that are likely present in the nostrils. This inhibition depends on LipS1, a TAG lipase necessary forC. accolensgrowth on TAGs such as triolein. We determined thatC. accolenshydrolysis of triolein releases oleic acid, which inhibits pneumococcus, as do other free fatty acids (FFAs) that might be released by LipS1 from human skin surface TAGs. Our results support a model in whichC. accolenshydrolyzes skin surface TAGSin vivoreleasing antipneumococcal FFAs. These data indicate thatC. accolensmay play a beneficial role in sculpting the human microbiome.IMPORTANCELittle is known about how harmlessCorynebacteriumspecies that colonize the human nose and skin might impact pathogen colonization and proliferation at these sites.We show thatCorynebacterium accolens, a common benign nasal bacterium, modifies its local habitatin vitroas it inhibits growth ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeby releasing antibacterial free fatty acids from host skin surface triacylglycerols. We further identify the primaryC. accolenslipase required for this activity. We postulate a model in which higher numbers ofC. accolenscells deter/limitS. pneumoniaenostril colonization, which might partly explain why children withoutS. pneumoniaecolonization have higher levels of nasalCorynebacterium. This work narrows the gap between descriptive studies and the needed in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms of microbe-microbe interactions that help shape the human microbiome. It also lays the foundation for futurein vivostudies to determine whether habitat modification byC. accolenscould be promoted to control pathogen colonization.

scholarly journals On the Biogenesis of the Free Fatty Acids in Human Skin Surface Fat*

1957 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 423-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nicolaides ◽  
George C. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Surface
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