Relation between Ganglion Cell Activity and the Local Electroretinogram of Cat Retina

Nature ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 216 (5119) ◽  
pp. 1008-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROY H. STEINBERG
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Cat Retina

Actions of excitatory amino acids on brisk ganglion cells in the cat retina

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1368-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Boos ◽  
F. Muller ◽  
H. Wassle
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Gabaergic Interneurons ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
X Cells ◽  
Y Cells

1. Retinal ganglion cell activity was recorded extracellularly in the intact cat eye. We examined the effects of iontophoretically applied glutamate (GLU), aspartate (ASP), and the specific agonists kainate (KA), quisqualate (QQ), (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA), and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on the spontaneous and light-driven activity of ganglion cells. 2. ASP and GLU increased the spontaneous as well as the light-driven activity of all brisk cell types. The effects of the two drugs were very similar. The activity of most cells remained at a constant increased level during prolonged application of these drugs. 3. KA also excited all brisk ganglion cell classes and caused effects very similar to those of GLU and ASP but was effective at a much lower concentration. In general, brisk ganglion cells responded most vigorously to KA application. 4. QQ excited approximately 50% of all ON-X and OFF-X cells encountered, the other 50% of the X cells and all Y cells were inhibited during QQ-application. This inhibition was quite likely due to the stimulation of glycinergic and GABAergic interneurons, because it was reduced or abolished during application of the respective antagonists strychnine and bicuculline. All ganglion cells apparently received either direct or indirect excitatory input from QQ receptors, which can be revealed by blocking the inhibitory interneurons. 5. The major actions of QQ on the discharge rate of ganglion cells are mimicked by AMPA. Hence, the actions of QQ are likely to be mediated by the "classical" QQ-receptor, ion-channel complex rather than by the recently described type of QQ-receptor that is coupled to a second messenger system. 6. NMDA excited ON-X, OFF-X, and OFF-Y cells but inhibited ON-Y cells. Excitatory and inhibitory NMDA effects could be blocked by the specific NMDA-receptor antagonists D(-)-2-amino-7-phosphono-heptanoate (AP-7) or 3-((+/-)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP). If the GABAergic transmission was blocked by bicuculline, the NMDA-induced inhibition of ON-Y cells was abolished. We conclude that NMDA activates GABAergic interneurons that in turn reduce the activity of ON-Y cells.

Action and localization of acetylcholine in the cat retina

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 997-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schmidt ◽  
M. F. Humphrey ◽  
H. Wassle
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Dendritic Morphology ◽  
Immunocytochemical Staining ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Topographical Distribution ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells

1. Retinal ganglion cells were recorded extracellularly in the intact eye of anesthetized adult cats. The effects of acetylcholine (ACh), the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine (Sco), the nicotinic antagonist dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DBE), and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine (Phy) on maintained and light-evoked ganglion cell discharge was examined using iontophoresis techniques. 2. A monoclonal antibody directed against the ACh synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was used to label cholinergic cells in retinal wholemounts. The topographical distribution of these cells was studied. 3. Intracellular filling with the fluorescent dye lucifer yellow (LY) was performed to identify the dendritic morphology of putative cholinergic neurons. 4. ACh increased and Sco decreased neuronal activity of all brisk ganglion cell types under all stimulus conditions tested in this study. The action of ACh was abolished during simultaneous application of Sco. 5. DBE raised the firing rate of ON-center brisk cells and decreased activity of OFF-center brisk cells. Again there was no difference under different stimulus conditions. During DBE application the ACh action on OFF-center cells was completely blocked. The ACh action on ON-center cells was diminished. 6. Phy prolonged and enhanced ACh action on all ganglion cell types. During simultaneous stimulation of the receptive-field center and the surround, Phy caused an activity shift in favor of the center response. 7. Immunocytochemical staining revealed two populations of amacrine cells, one in the inner nuclear layer, and the other in the ganglion cell layer. Their total density increased from 250 cells/mm2 in the periphery to 2,700 cells/mm2 in the central area. Analysis of the distribution pattern indicated a functional independence of the two subpopulations. 8. The dendritic morphology of putative cholinergic amacrine cells in the cat retina resembled that of rabbit and rat "starburst" amacrines, which are known to be cholinergic. 9. The possible function of cholinergic amacrine cells in the cat retina is discussed in view of the present findings and compared with results from other mammalian species.

Physiological effects of muscarinic vs nicotinic ACh antagonists upon ganglion cell activity in the frog retina

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 2061-2072 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Bonaventure ◽  
B. Jardon ◽  
N. Wioland ◽  
G. Rudolf
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Frog Retina

The zeta cell: A new ganglion cell type in cat retina

1998 ◽  
Vol 399 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Berson ◽  
M. Pu ◽  
E.V. Famiglietti
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cat Retina

Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Activity Is Associated with Decreased Sleep Quality in Patients with Glaucoma

Ophthalmology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 1139-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina P.B. Gracitelli ◽  
Gloria Liliana Duque-Chica ◽  
Marina Roizenblatt ◽  
Ana Laura de Araújo Moura ◽  
Balazs V. Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

scholarly journals Optogenetic restoration of retinal ganglion cell activity in the living primate

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliette E. McGregor ◽  
Tyler Godat ◽  
Kamal R. Dhakal ◽  
Keith Parkins ◽  
Jennifer M. Strazzeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

The morphology and topographic distribution of substance- P-like immunoreactive amacrine cells in the cat retina

1989 ◽  
Vol 237 (1289) ◽  
pp. 471-488 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Maximum Density ◽  
Peripheral Retina ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Area Centralis ◽  
Topographic Distribution

In cat retinal wholemounts, substance-P-like immunoreactivity (SP-IR) was localized in a distinct population of amacrines whose cell bodies were normally placed in the ganglion cell layer. Although displaced amacrines accounted for 80-95% of the SP-IR amacrines in peripheral retina, this proportion decreased considerably within the area centralis, accounting for 50-80% of the labelled cells at maximum density. The SP-IR cells in both the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers gave rise to well-defined varicose dendrites of uniform appearance that stratified around 60% depth (S3/S4) of the inner plexiform layer. In addition, sparse fine dendrites in stratum 1 (S1) could sometimes be traced to inner nuclear cells and occasionally to displaced amacrines. The combined SP-IR cell density ranged from less than 50 cells mm -2 in the far periphery to more than 500 cells mm -2 in the area centralis; the maximum density showed little individual variation despite wide differences in the proportion of displaced cells. The 39000 SP-IR amacrines in a mapped retina had a triangular topographic distribution, with intermediate isodensity lines extending vertically in superior retina and horizontally along both arms of the visual streak. Colocalization experiments established that all SP-IR cells in cat retina showed GABA-like immunoreactivity, and that the SP-IR amacrines were quite distinct from the cholinergic amacrines identified by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry.

scholarly journals Retinal mechanisms of visual adaptation in the skate.

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
D G Green ◽  
J E Dowling ◽  
I M Siegel ◽  
H Ripps
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Visual Adaptation ◽  
Cell Discharge ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Electrical Potentials ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
Network Mechanism ◽  
Different Levels

Electrical potentials were recorded from different levels within the skate retina. Comparing the adaptive properties of the various responses revealed that the isolated receptor potential and the S-potential always exhibited similar changes in sensitivity, and that the b-wave and ganglion-cell thresholds acted in concert. However, the two sets of responses behaved differently under certain conditions. For example, a dimly iluminated background that had no measurable effect on the senitivities of either of the distal responses, raised significantly the thresholds of both the b-wave and the ganglion cell responses. In addition, the rate of recovery during the early, "neural" phase of dark adaptation was significantly faster for the receptor and S-potentials than for the b-wave or ganglion cell discharge. These results indicate that there is an adaptive ("network") mechanism in the retina which can influence significantly b-wave and gaglion cell activity and which behaves independently of the receptors and horizontal cells. We conclude that visual adaptation in the skate retina is regulated by a combination of receptoral and network mechanisms.

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