Protective Effect of Nitrous Oxide against Total-Body Radiation in the Mouse

Nature ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 195 (4843) ◽  
pp. 822-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. EVANS ◽  
LOUIS R. ORKIN
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Total Body

Human Kidneys Play an Important Role in the Elimination of Propofol

2005 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Takizawa ◽  
Haruhiko Hiraoka ◽  
Fumio Goto ◽  
Koujirou Yamamoto ◽  
Ryuya Horiuchi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Venous Sample ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Clearance ◽  
Arterial Sample

Background Extrahepatic clearance of propofol has been suggested because its total body clearance exceeds hepatic blood flow. However, it remains uncertain which organs are involved in the extrahepatic clearance of propofol. In vitro studies suggest that the kidneys contribute to the clearance of this drug. The purpose of this study was to confirm whether human kidneys participate in propofol disposition in vivo. Methods Ten patients scheduled to undergo nephrectomy were enrolled in this study. Renal blood flow was measured using para-aminohippurate. Anesthesia was induced with vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg) and propofol (2 mg/kg) and then maintained with nitrous oxide (60%), sevoflurane (1 approximately 2%) in oxygen, and an infusion of propofol (2 mg . kg . h). Radial arterial blood for propofol and para-aminohippurate analysis was collected from a cannula inserted in the radial artery. The renal venous sample and the radial arterial sample were obtained at the same time after the steady state of propofol was established. Results The renal extraction ratio of propofol was 0.58 +/- 0.15 (mean +/- SD). The renal clearance of propofol was 0.41 +/- 0.15 l/min (mean +/- SD), or 27 +/- 9.9% (mean +/- SD) of total body clearance. Conclusion Human kidneys play an important role in the elimination of propofol.

Protective Effect of Pitressin and Epinephrine Against Total Body X-Irradiation

1952 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Gray ◽  
E. J. Moulden ◽  
J. T. Tew ◽  
H. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Total Body

scholarly journals Melatonin Attenuates Colistin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 4044-4049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jumana M. Yousef ◽  
Gong Chen ◽  
Prue A. Hill ◽  
Roger L. Nation ◽  
Jian Li
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Therapeutic Window ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Nephroprotective Effect ◽  
Body Clearance ◽  
Lower Urinary

ABSTRACTColistin-induced nephrotoxicity is a dose-limiting adverse effect when colistin is used against Gram-negative pathogens. This study examined the nephroprotective effect of melatonin against colistin in rats. Rats (n= 7 per group) were treated intravenously twice daily with saline, colistin (at increasing doses from 0.5 to 4.0 mg/kg), melatonin (5 mg/kg), or both melatonin and colistin for 7 days. The severity of renal alteration was examined both biochemically and histologically. The effect of coadministration of melatonin on colistin pharmacokinetics was investigated. Significantly lower urinaryN-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase excretion was observed from day 1 in the colistin-melatonin group compared to the colistin group (P< 0.0001). Plasma creatinine increased significantly (P= 0.023) only in the colistin group on day 6. Significant histological abnormalities (P< 0.0001) were detected only in the kidneys of the colistin group. Melatonin altered colistin pharmacokinetics; the total body clearance in the colistin-melatonin group (1.82 ± 0.26 ml/min/kg) was lower than in the colistin group (4.28 ± 0.93 ml/min/kg). This is the first study demonstrating the protective effect of melatonin against colistin-induced nephrotoxicity, which indicates that colistin-induced nephrotoxicity is mediated through oxidative stress. It also highlights the potential of coadministering an antioxidant to widen the therapeutic window of this very important last-line antibiotic.

DOES NITROUS OXIDE PRECLUDE THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF BARBITURATES?

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. A413
Author(s):  
J. Hartung ◽  
J. E. Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Protective Effect

scholarly journals The Protective Effect of New Compound XH-103 on Radiation-Induced GI Syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinping Dong ◽  
Ying Cheng ◽  
Qinlian Hou ◽  
Jing Wu ◽  
Deguan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Intestinal Injury ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Small Intestinal Injury ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Crypt Cells

Background. Radiation-induced intestinal injury is one of the side effects in patients receiving radiotherapy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of XH-103 on radiation-induced small intestinal injury and to explore its mechanism. Methods. C57BL/6N mice were irradiated and treated with XH-103. Firstly, the survival rate of mice exposed to 9.0 Gy and 11.0 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) was examined. Subsequently, at 3.5 d after IR, the small intestinal morphological changes were examined by HE. The numbers of crypt cells, the villus height, the expression of Ki67 and Lgr5, and the apoptotic cells in the intestinal crypts were examined by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the expression of p53 and Bax was analyzed by WB. Results. Compared to the irradiation group, XH-103 improved the mice survival rate, protected the intestinal morphology of mice, decreased the apoptotic rate of intestinal crypt cells, maintained cell regeneration, and promoted crypt proliferation and differentiation. XH-103 also reduced the expression of p53 and Bax in the small intestine compared to the IR group. Conclusion. These data demonstrate that XH-103 can prevent radiation-induced intestinal injury, which is beneficial for the protection of radiation injuries.

Effect of phytohemagglutinin on bone marrow protection and recovery in rodents

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 587-590
Author(s):  
I. H. Plenderleith
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Enhanced Recovery ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Effects Of Radiation

Attempts were made to prevent the hematologic and general toxic effects of radiation, cyclophosphamide, and 6-mereaptopurine in various animal species by giving erythrocyte-absorbed phytohemagglutinin intravenously prior to or following such treatment. A single dose of total body radiation was used in the radiation studies, with mice receiving 800 and rats 600 rads. Cyclophosphamide was given to mice intraperitoneally in a dose of 0.25 mg/g of body weight on two occasions 6 days apart. 6-Mercaptopurine was given to other groups of mice intraperitoneally in a dose of 0.25 mg/g of body weight daily for 11 days and to rabbits subcutaneously in a dose of 0.01 to 0.015 mg/g of body weight daily for 14 days. No evidence of a protective effect or of enhanced recovery could be demonstrated in any of the animals treated with erythrocyte-absorbed phytohemagglutinin as compared with animals not so treated.

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