Water-soluble Polysaccharides of Porphyra Species : a Note on the Classification of P. naiadum

Nature ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 195 (4839) ◽  
pp. 398-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. REES ◽  
E. CONWAY
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble

WATER-SOLUBLE SALTS IN THE PARENT MATERIAL OF SOLONETZIC AND CHERNOZEMIC SOILS IN SASKATCHEWAN

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Ballantyne
Keyword(s):  
No Value ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Low Sodium

The B, C1 and a C2 horizon were sampled from 26 Solonetz and 35 Orthic Chernozemic profiles. Water-soluble analyses were done on all samples. Soil profiles developed from saline parent material may be in either the Solonetzic or Chernozemic Order. Eighty-eight percent of the Solonetz and 34% of the Chernozemic profiles were developed on saline C2 horizons. Seventy-three percent of the Solonetz were developed on C2 horizons that were saline and contained over 40% water-soluble sodium. No Chernozemics developed on this type of C2 material. Forty-nine percent of the Chernozemics developed on non-saline, low-sodium C2 horizons. No Solonetz profiles developed on this type of C2 horizon. This information could be used to assist in the classification of Solonetzic and Chernozemic soils. The pH of the B, C1 or C2 horizons was of no value in distinguishing between Solonetzic and Chernozemic soils.

PROPERTIES AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOLUBLE ESTERASES OF HUMAN BRAIN

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Ecobichon
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Esterase Pattern ◽  
Vertical Zone ◽  
Zone Electrophoresis ◽  
Starch Gel

Water-soluble proteins and enzymes of human brain were separated by vertical zone electrophoresis in starch gel. Fifteen bands of esterase activity were detected in brain. Various substrates and inhibitors were used in efforts to identify enzymes in addition to a comparison of the esterase pattern with patterns obtained from other human tissues. One zone, composed of four bands of acetylesterase activity, was found to be common to all the tissues investigated with the exception of serum. Two bands of cholinesterase and two bands of A-esterase activity were identified. The remaining bands, which were aliesterases possessing broad overlapping substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity, were electrophoretically different from those of other tissues. Observations on alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase were recorded for comparison with the data on esterases.

PROPERTIES AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOLUBLE ESTERASES OF HUMAN KIDNEY

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Ecobichon ◽  
W. Kalow
Keyword(s):  
Human Kidney ◽  
Lactic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Serum Cholinesterase ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Zone Characteristic

Water-soluble proteins and enzymes of human kidney were separated by vertical zone electrophoresis in starch gel and compared with those of human serum and liver. In most individuals 11 bands of proteins were detected with the aid of amido black B; some individuals had one additional band. Various substrates and inhibitors were used in efforts to identify enzymes. Five zones of esterase activity were found. One zone, characteristic of serum cholinesterase, was believed to be due to serum contained in the tissue. A zone of isozymic esterases was found to be common to both human liver and kidney and reacted like acetylesterase. Another zone, migrating at a rate approximating that of serum albumin, reacted like an aliesterase. Three small esterase bands, showing a marked hydrolysis of α-naphthyl butyrate, were found to be characteristic of renal tissue on comparison with hepatic tissue and serum. Observations on alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, lactic dehydrogenase, and catalase were recorded for comparison with the data on esterases.

PROPERTIES AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOLUBLE ESTERASES OF HUMAN SKELETAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Ecobichon ◽  
W. Kalow
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Serum Cholinesterase ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Zone Characteristic

Water-soluble proteins and enzymes of human skeletal and smooth muscle were separated by vertical-zone electrophoresis in starch gel and compared with those of human liver and kidney. Thirteen bands of proteins were detected with amido black in skeletal muscle, five of which were also detected in smooth muscle. Various substrates and inhibitors were used in efforts to identify enzymes. Ten bands of esterase activity were detected in skeletal muscle, and nine in smooth muscle. One zone, characteristic of serum cholinesterase, was believed to be due to serum contained in the tissue. A zone of isozymic esterases found in skeletal and smooth muscle was similar to a zone in human liver and kidney and reacted like an acetylesterase. Other esterase bands, which showed a marked hydrolysis of α-naphthyl butyrate, were similar to aliesterases of renal tissue. Observations on alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, aminopeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, and catalase were recorded for comparison with the data on esterases.

Updated assessment and current classification of spinal meningeal cysts

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Nabors ◽  
T. Glenn Pait ◽  
Edward B. Byrd ◽  
Najmaldin O. Karim ◽  
David O. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Root ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Type I ◽  
Spinal Nerve Root ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Spinal Meningeal Cysts ◽  
Spinal Nerve Root Fibers ◽  
Meningeal Cysts

✓ The classification of spinal meningeal cysts (MC's) in the literature is indistinct, confusing, and in certain categories histologically misleading. Based on a series of 22 cases, the authors propose a classification comprising three categories: spinal extradural MC's without spinal nerve root fibers (Type I); spinal extradural MC's with spinal nerve root fibers (Type II); and spinal intradural MC's (Type III). Although water-soluble myelography may disclose a filling defect for all three categories, computerized tomographic myelography (CTM) is essential to reveal communication between the cyst and the subarachnoid space. Communication demonstrated by CTM allows accurate diagnosis of a spinal MC and rules out other mass lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging appears useful as an initial study to identify an intraspinal cystic mass. Final characterization is based on operative inspection and histological examination for all three categories.

Results of a Validation Study in Germany on Two in Vitro Alternatives to the Draize Eye Irritation Test, the HET-CAM Test and the 3T3 NRU Cytotoxicity Test

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horst Spielmann ◽  
Manfred Liebsch ◽  
Sabine Kalweit ◽  
Ferdinand Moldenhauer ◽  
Tobias Wirnsberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Ii ◽  
Validation Study ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Cytotoxicity Test ◽  
Detection Time ◽  
Eye Irritation

During 1988–1992, a validation study was carried out in Germany on the capacity of two in vitro tests to replace the Draize eye test for severely eye irritating chemicals, namely, the hen's egg chorio-allantoic membrane (HET-CAM) test and the 3T3 cell neutral red uptake (NRU) cytotoxicity test, which had shown promising results in an earlier test development project. The formal validation study, which was coordinated by Centre for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments (ZEBET) and funded by the German Department of Research and Technology (BMBF), was conducted in two phases: Phase I consisted of a prevalidation study and a blind trial (1988–1990); and Phase II was the database development phase (1991/1992). During prevalidation, the two in vitro tests were established in 13 laboratories, standard protocols were developed, including PC-based software programs for data recording, and 34 chemicals backed by high quality literature data were selected for the ring trial. In the 1-year ring trial, the two in vitro tests were validated with 34 coded chemicals under blind conditions in 13 laboratories, to evaluate the reproducibility of the two tests within and among laboratories. In the blind trial, the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test showed a better reproducibility than the HET-CAM test, but compared to the cytotoxicity test, the HET-CAM test permitted a significantly better classification of severely eye irritating chemicals, which are labelled R41 according to EU regulations. Since it was recommended in 1990 by the first Amden validation workshop that a database of around 200 chemicals is required for the assessment of test performance to reach regulatory acceptance at the international level, a 2-year database development was conducted as Phase II, during which 166 coded chemicals were tested in the two in vitro tests, each of them in two laboratories. Test chemicals backed by high-quality Draize eye test data were provided by industry and selected to represent a wide spectrum of chemical classes and eye irritation properties. Independent quality control of in vitro and in vivo data and biostatistical evaluation were performed during an additional BMBF project on biostatistics. In the quality assurance step, which is an essential prerequisite for biostatistics, the number of chemicals was reduced to 143, and these data were entered into an MS-EXCEL database to facilitate determination of in vitro/in vivo correlations. Unexpectedly, the evaluation of the study had to take into account a change of criteria within the EU for classifying severely eye irritating chemicals as R41, since irreversible damage within a 21-day observation period was introduced as a new criterion for R41 chemicals. The results of the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test showed an insufficient in vitro/in vivo correlation for classifying R41 chemicals. Classification of HET-CAM data was also insufficient in the Bundesgesundhütsamt (BGA) scoring system, which uses an empirically developed weighted scoring of the three endpoints, namely, haemorrhage, lysis and coagulation. Discriminant analysis of ten endpoints routinely determined in the HET-CAM test and in the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test revealed that the detection time of coagulation, the most severe reaction on the CAM, was significantly better suited to identifying severely eye irritating properties than any other endpoint, and better than the BGA score for the HET-CAM test. For water-soluble chemicals (mean time for detection of coagulation [mtc]10), the detection time for coagulation of a 10% solution had the highest discriminant power, and for less water-soluble chemicals (mtc100), the detection time of coagulation of the undiluted chemical was more appropriate. Discriminant analysis of the combination of mtc10 and mtc100 with other endpoints of the two in vitro tests revealed that classification of water-soluble chemicals is significantly improved by combining mtc10 and lgfg50m (logarithm of IC50 value calculated with the Fit-Graph program), the endpoint of the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test. Further analysis of data from Phase I and Phase II of the study demonstrated that chemicals characterised by an mtc10 of < 50 seconds can be labelled R41 without any false positive classifications. By using this cut-off point, around 25% of R41 chemicals can be classified without further testing in vitro or in vivo. Classification was further improved when solubility in water and oil was taken into account. The best classification of water-soluble R41 chemicals (> 10%) was obtained when the mtc10 of the HET-CAM test and the lgfg50m of the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test were combined. For chemicals soluble in oil (> 10%) and for insoluble chemicals, the mtc100 provided the best classification. The in vitro classification results were confirmed by cross-validation. These promising results allowed a sequential approach to be developed for classifying severely eye irritating chemicals as R41 according to EU regulations by combining the HET-CAM test and the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test results. The present study suggests that severely eye irritating chemicals can be classified as R41 with a sufficiently high level of confidence with the two in vitro tests, since the percentage of false positive and false negative results are kept within an acceptably low range. Thus, the combined use of the HET-CAM test and the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test meets the requirements for “well-validated” tests, as defined in the escape clause of OECD Guideline 405 for eye irritation testing.

Nano-sized Solid Dispersions for Improving the Bioavailability of Poorly Water-soluble Drugs

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (38) ◽  
pp. 4917-4924
Author(s):  
Phuong H.L. Tran ◽  
Thao T.D. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Release Rate ◽  
Solid Dispersions ◽  
Amorphous State ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Drug Bioavailability ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble Drugs ◽  
High Drug ◽  
Water Soluble Drugs ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble

It has been well established that solid dispersions have a high potential to increase the release rate of poorly water-soluble drugs, resulting in high drug bioavailability. Solid dispersions have been vigorously investigated with various practical approaches in recent decades. Improvements in wettability, molecular interactions and drugs being held in an amorphous state in solid dispersions are the main mechanisms underlying the high drug release rate. Moreover, the synergistic effect of incorporating nanotechnology in solid dispersions is expected to lead to an advanced drug delivery system for poorly water-soluble drugs. However, to date, there is still a lack of reviews providing outlooks on the nano-sized solid dispersions that have been substantially investigated for improving the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. In the current review, we aim to overview key advantages and approaches for producing nano-sized solid dispersions. The classification of key strategies in developing nano-sized solid dispersions will advance the creation of even more efficient solid dispersions, which will translate into clinical studies.

Infra-red spectra of polypeptides with small side chains

1954 ◽  
Vol 226 (1166) ◽  
pp. 408-421 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Synthetic Polypeptides ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Similar Materials ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Polarized Radiation ◽  
Small Side

The infra-red spectrum of several synthetic polypeptides with small side chains (polymers of glycine and alanine) have been examined in the region 800 to 1700 cm -1 . The observations include measurements with polarized radiation on the α (folded) and β (extended) forms of poly-L-alanine; deductions from these results are compared with those derived from X-ray observations on similar materials. Some observations on the spectrum of deuterated poly-DL-alanine have also been made. The new observations enable a partial classification of bands in the little explored region 800 to 1500 cm -1 to be made. Some observations on silk gut and on water-soluble silk have also been made. They emphasize the difference between these two forms of fibroin. An extension of the complex NH absorption, centred at ca . 3300 cm -1 , has been observed; it appears to extend at least to 2800 cm -1 . Evidence of steric hindrance in methyl groups is deduced from the spectrum of poly-L-alanine ( α and β forms).

scholarly journals ДИЗАЙН-ПРОЄКТУВАННЯ АВТОРСЬКОЇ КОЛЕКЦІЇ ОДЯГУ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ТЕХНІКИ ПЕЧВОРК

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-40
Author(s):  
О. В. Абрамова ◽  
О. В. Єжова ◽  
Л. О. Чистякова ◽  
І. О. Кудревич
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Repeated Application ◽  
Type Classification ◽  
Modern Varieties

Research  of  design-design  features of the creative collection of clothing using the technology of patchwork. Methodology.  An  integrated  approach, historical  analysis  of  the  object  of  research, systematization  of  parochial  species,  method of combinatorial formation have been applied. Results.  The  design  of  the  clothing  collection was  analyzed  using  the  paintwork  technique. The  historical  development  of  the  technology of patchwork is considered. There has been an improvement  in  the  type  classification  of  the patchwork,  which  includes  the  types,  seams and  blocks  of  the  art.  The  technology  of execution  of  the  units  of  the  peach  «flying geese» and «cut» is described. On the basis of the theoretical study carried out, an up-to-date collection of women 's and men 's clothing has been  developed  with  the  use  of  modern techniques  of  peachyard,  as  technologies of  repeated  application  and  processing  of sewing wastes and textiles.  The  views,  seams  and blocks of the patchwork are systematized. The specifics  and  possible  variants  of  modern paintings in the technology of patchwork and their  application  in  the  design-design  of  the collection  of  clothing  models  have  been revealed. Practical  significance.  The  possibilities  of using  modern  varieties  of  patchwork  in  the creation of a collection of  clothing have been demonstrated.  Proposed  is  a  technological method  of  making  pachopper  blocks according  to  templates  using  cutting  with  a disk  knife  and  crease  using  a  water-soluble stabilizer.

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