Heartwood Formation in Pinus radiata (D. Don)

Nature ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 172 (4377) ◽  
pp. 552-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MADDERN HARRIS
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Heartwood Formation

scholarly journals Heritability of Heartwood Formation in Pinus radiata D. Don

Nature ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 207 (4994) ◽  
pp. 320-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. P. NICHOLLS
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Heartwood Formation

Seasonal fluctuation in respiration of aging xylem in relation to heartwood formation in Pinus radiata

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Shain ◽  
J. F. Graham Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Enzyme Histochemistry ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Heartwood Formation ◽  
Malic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Dormant Season ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Respiratory activity in xylem tissues of Pinus radiata was monitored during the growing and dormant seasons by manometry as well as by histochemical localization of malic and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases and by quantitative estimation of malic dehydrogenase. During the dormant season, respiration and activity of malic dehydrogenase were significantly greater (1% probability level) in the transition zone separating sapwood from heartwood than in middle and inner sapwood. These results were supported by enzyme histochemistry, which indicated a substantial increase in activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the transition zone, particularly during the dormant season. It is suggested that heartwood formation occurs mainly during this time.

scholarly journals HEARTWOOD FORMATION IN PINUS RADIATA (D.DON.)

1954 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MADDERN HARRIS
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Heartwood Formation

Ethylene production in xylem of Pinus radiata in relation to heartwood formation

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 1331-1335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Shain ◽  
W. E. Hillis
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Wound Response ◽  
Heartwood Formation ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Transition Zones ◽  
Phenol Synthesis ◽  
Dormant Season ◽  
Stimulation Of

The production of ethylene by xylem tissues of Pinus radiata was monitored throughout the year. Statistically, significantly greater quantities of ethylene were produced during the winter by transition zones separating sapwood from heartwood than by transition zones during the rest of the year and by middle and inner sapwood during the entire year. Ethylene (5 ppm in air), but not carbon dioxide (27.5% in air), stimulated the production of pinosylvin in sapwood blocks. Phenol synthesis appeared to be preceded by desiccation during both heartwood formation and wound response. Tests with cycloheximide indicated that transition zones are capable of protein synthesis. It was suggested that the auxin-ethylene balance could contribute to quantitative and seasonal differences in ethylene production between the wound and senescent responses (heartwood formation). These and other results suggest that (i) ethylene is involved in stimulation of respiration and phenol synthesis during the wound and senescent responses of xylem tissues of this species, and (ii) heartwood formation takes place mainly in the dormant season during increased metabolic activity in the transition zone.

Agroforestry in Eastern Otago: results from two long-term experiments

2000 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
G.G. Cossens ◽  
M.F. Hawke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
Pasture Yield

During the first 20 years of a Pinus radiata tree rotation, tree growth and pasture yield were assessed under a range of tree spacings at Invermay and Akatore, two coastal sites in Eastern Otago. Pasture yield in association with trees thinned to 100 stems per hectare (sph) was comparable to that from open pasture up to a tree age of 12 years. By the 19th year, however, pasture production declined to 63% of open pasture yield at Invermay and to 42% at Akatore. At 200 and 400 sph at Akatore, pasture yield was similar to that from open pasture at tree age 12 years but declined to 27% and 0% of open pasture yield respectively by year 20. At both Invermay and Akatore, the ryegrass and clover content of open pasture was relatively constant throughout the term of the trial. However, both the ryegrass and clover content of pasture beneath trees began to decline by tree age 12 years with a very rapid decline at Akatore in the number of pasture species at 200 sph by the 19th year. No pasture remained at 400 sph, after 19 years. Livestock carrying capacity with sheep on tree treatments at Invermay decreased from 100% of open pasture at year 6 to 60% by year 10. At Akatore, livestock carrying capacity averaged over the 20-year life of the trial was 4.1 stock units per hectare with a maximum of 8.1 stock units at a tree age of 8 years. Tree growth at both sites was similar, averaging between 1 and 1.1 m/year in height over 20 years, with trees at Invermay at 100 sph averaging 9% greater height and diameter growth than at Akatore. Increasing tree stocking from 100 to 200 to 400 sph at Akatore, resulted in increased tree height, but decreased diameter at breast height. A comparison of the East Otago trees with those in a similar trial at Tikitere (Rotorua) 900 km further north indicated that the southern trees were about 6 years later in their growth pattern by tree age 20 years. On both sites, soil pH tended to be lower in the presence of trees and was significantly lower than in open pasture by year 20. The results and comparisons with the Tikitere data suggest that, in an integrated agroforestry regime, there will be livestock grazing under the trees further into the tree rotation in Otago than in North Island sites. However, slower tree growth would result in a longer rotation time to harvest. Current recommendations to farmers are to plant trees on the less productive areas of the farm and adopt a tree stocking rate which fully utilises the site. Keywords: agroforestry, livestock, pasture, Pinus radiata, soil pH, tree stocking

Changes in cell wall components and hygroscopic properties of Pinus radiata caused by heat treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto García-Iruela ◽  
Luis García Esteban ◽  
Francisco García Fernández ◽  
Paloma de Palacios ◽  
Alejandro B. Rodriguez-Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Hygroscopic Properties ◽  
Wall Components

scholarly journals Using GEDI lidar data and airborne laser scanning to assess height growth dynamics in fast-growing species: a showcase in Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Guerra-Hernández ◽  
Adrián Pascual
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Airborne Laser Scanning ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Airborne Laser

Abstract Background The NASA’s Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) satellite mission aims at scanning forest ecosystems on a multi-temporal short-rotation basis. The GEDI data can validate and update statistics from nationwide airborne laser scanning (ALS). We present a case in the Northwest of Spain using GEDI statistics and nationwide ALS surveys to estimate forest dynamics in three fast-growing forest ecosystems comprising 211,346 ha. The objectives were: i) to analyze the potential of GEDI to detect disturbances, ii) to investigate uncertainty source regarding non-positive height increments from the 2015–2017 ALS data to the 2019 GEDI laser shots and iii) to estimate height growth using polygons from the Forest Map of Spain (FMS). A set of 258 National Forest Inventory plots were used to validate the observed height dynamics. Results The spatio-temporal assessment from ALS surveying to GEDI scanning allowed the large-scale detection of harvests. The mean annual height growths were 0.79 (SD = 0.63), 0.60 (SD = 0.42) and 0.94 (SD = 0.75) m for Pinus pinaster, Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus spp., respectively. The median annual values from the ALS-GEDI positive increments were close to NFI-based growth values computed for Pinus pinaster and Pinus radiata, respectively. The effect of edge border, spatial co-registration of GEDI shots and the influence of forest cover in the observed dynamics were important factors to considering when processing ALS data and GEDI shots. Discussion The use of GEDI laser data provides valuable insights for forest industry operations especially when accounting for fast changes. However, errors derived from positioning, ground finder and canopy structure can introduce uncertainty to understand the detected growth patterns as documented in this study. The analysis of forest growth using ALS and GEDI would benefit from the generalization of common rules and data processing schemes as the GEDI mission is increasingly being utilized in the forest remote sensing community.

Accuracy and Usefulness of Psychrometer and Pressure Chamber for Evaluating Water Potentials of Pinus radiata Needles

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
BD Millar
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Pressure Chamber ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Potential Gradients ◽  
Fundamental Uncertainty ◽  
The One

Pressure chamber evaluations of xylem sap pressure potential (P) and thermocouple psychrometric evaluations of average water potential (Ψl) in needles from both transpiring and non-transpiring pine trees (Pinus radiata D. Don) were compared in order to determine the relative accuracy and usefulness of these methods for assessing Ψl. Markedly different but linear P v. Ψl relationships were obtained for pine needles of different age and also for the case where resin exudation masked the xylem and led to a 'resin error'. Evidence suggests that these differences are mainly due to injection and resin errors in pressure chamber determinations totalling as much as 1 MPa (a 10 bar). The psychrometric method appears to be the much more accurate. Radial water potential gradients across leaves did not result in differences between evaluations of P and Ψl, at least in P. radiata. The need for multiple 'calibrations' of the pressure chamber and the fundamental uncertainty about the constancy of such calibrations on the one hand and the slowness of the excised-needle psychrometer on the other can restrict the usefulness of these methods.

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