scholarly journals Activity Coefficients in Concentrated Solutions Containing Several Electrolytes

Nature ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 163 (4141) ◽  
pp. 414-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. GLUECKAUF
Keyword(s):  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Concentrated Solutions

THE ACIDITY FUNCTIONS H0 AND J0(HR) FOR THE SYSTEM FORMIC ACID–WATER

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Stewart ◽  
Trevor Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Water System ◽  
Acid Water ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Acidity Functions

The acidity functions H0 and J0(HR) have been measured for the whole range of the formic acid – water system. The large negative J0 values for the more concentrated solutions fail to correlate with the functions derived by Gold on the basis of certain assumptions regarding the activity coefficients of the species involved. The cause of this deviation is discussed. The term log [R+]/[ROH] for the ionization of triphenylcarbinols in formic acid has been found to vary linearly with 1/T.

Properties of Concentrated Solutions of Indium Chloride

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1761-1764
Author(s):  
Alan N. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Molar Volume ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Ionization Constant ◽  
Relative Viscosity ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Degree Of Ionization ◽  
Indium Chloride ◽  
Solvent Water ◽  
Equivalent Conductance

Certain properties of concentrated solutions of indium trichloride, ranging in strength from 9.889 to 0.4070 m, have been investigated. These properties are: density, molar volume, specific and equivalent conductance, degree of ionization, ionization constant, relative viscosity, activities, and activity coefficients of solvent water and of solute. Two interesting results emerge, viz., the specific conductance passes through a maximum at 3.5 m, and, if the ionization of indium chloride is treated as that of a binary electrolyte, the expression α2c/(1 − α) is constant within 10% over the range 6.267 to 0.7363 m (13.90 to 2.122 N).

scholarly journals Extension of the EQ3/6 Computer Codes to Geochemical Modeling of Brines

1984 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Jackson ◽  
Thomas J. Wolery
Keyword(s):  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Geochemical Modeling ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Pitzer Model ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Modeling Software ◽  
Computer Codes ◽  
Evaporite Minerals ◽  
Aqueous Species

AbstractRecent modifications to the EQ3/6 geochemical modeling software package [1–3] provide for the use of Pitzer's [4] equations to calculate the activity coefficients of aqueous species and the activity of water. These changes extend the range of solute concentrations over which the codes can be used to dependably calculate equilibria in geochemical systems, and permit the inclusion of ion pairs, complexes, and undissociated acids and bases as explicit component species in the Pitzer model. Comparisons of calculations made by the EQ3NR and EQ6 computer codes with experimental data confirm that the modifications not only allow the codes to accurately evaluate activity coefficients in concentrated solutions, but also permit prediction of solubility limits of evaporite minerals in brines at 25°C and elevated temperatures. Calculations for a few salts can be made at temperatures up to ∼300°C, but the temperature range for most electrolytes is constrained by the availability of requisite data to values ≤100°C. The implementation of Pitzer's equations in EQ3/6 allows application of these codes to problems involving calculation of geochemical equilibria in brines; such as evaluation of the chemical environment which might be anticipated for nuclear waste canisters located in a salt repository.

Molecular Transformations in DNA under the Influence of UV-radiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 04 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vigen G. Barkhudaryan ◽  
Gayane V. Ananyan ◽  
Nelli H. Karapetyan
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Calf Thymus Dna ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
Dna Solutions

Background: The processes of destruction and crosslinking of macromolecules occur simultaneously under the influence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in synthetic polymers, dry DNA and their concentrated solutions. Objective: The effect of UV radiation on calf thymus DNA in dilute solutions subjected to UV- irradiation was studied in this work. Method: The calf thymus DNA was studied in dilute solutions using viscometry, absorption spectroscopy and electrophoresis. Results: It was shown, that at a low concentration of DNA in the buffer solution ([DNA] = 85 μg / ml) under the influence of UV radiation, the processes of destruction of macromolecules and an increase in their flexibility predominate, which is accompanied by a gradual decrease in the viscosity of their solution. In addition, due to the low concentration of the solution, intramolecular crosslinking of macromolecules predominates, which also reduces their size and, consequently, the viscosity of the solution. Conclusion: It was concluded, that in dilute DNA solutions, due to the predominance of the processes of intramolecular crosslinking of macromolecules over intermolecular, only constant processes of decreasing the sizes of DNA macromolecules occur. As a result, its solubility remains virtually unchanged during UV irradiation. The described comments are also excellently confirmed by the results of absorption spectroscopy and electrophoresis

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