Effect of exposure to conditioned stimulus and control of its termination in the extinction of avoidance behavior.

1974 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Katzev ◽  
Jeffrey S. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
And Control

Avoidance Behavior Prevents Modification of Fear Memory During Reconsolidation

2018 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Nitta ◽  
Toru Takahashi ◽  
Tomosumi Haitani ◽  
Eriko Sugimori ◽  
Hiroaki Kumano
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Spontaneous Recovery ◽  
Safety Information ◽  
Fear Memory ◽  
Extinction Training ◽  
Relevant Factor ◽  
Fear Response ◽  
New Information

Several studies have revealed that fear recovery is prevented when extinction training is conducted after retrieval of a fear memory. Postretrieval extinction training is related to modification of memory during reconsolidation. Providing new information during reconsolidation can modify the original memory. We propose that avoidance behavior is a relevant factor that prevents subjects from obtaining new safety information during reconsolidation. Postretrieval extinction training without avoidance behavior reduced the fear response to conditioned stimulus and prevented spontaneous recovery in the current study, which corresponded with previous studies. Under the condition of postretrieval extinction training with avoidance behavior, the fear response was not reduced as much as it was in the condition without avoidance. It is possible that avoidance behavior prevents receiving new safety information during postretrieval extinction training.

scholarly journals The effect of insect cyanoglucosides on predation by domestic chicks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcio Zikán Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Predator Attack ◽  
Domestic Chicks ◽  
Ingestion Time ◽  
Vertebrate Predators ◽  
And Control

AbstractCyanogenic insects release cyanide and other byproducts that are thought to make them unpalatable to would be predators. In fact, aposematic Heliconius butterflies and Zygaena moths are rejected by vertebrate predators. Nevertheless, there have been few studies testing the effect of cyanoglucosides on vertebrate predation. Here I report tests undertook with captive domestic chicks in order to evaluate the effect of two chemically diverse cyanoglucosides, linamarin and prunasin. In insects as well as plants, cyanoglucosides are stored in vacuoles and are enzymatically broken down when the tissue is disrupted as in the case of a predator attack. Linamarin is an aliphatic that releases cyanide and acetone upon breakdown, while prunasin is an aromatic cyanoglucoside that releases cyanide and benzaldehyde. Using concentrations that mimicked the average concentration of a Heliconius butterfly, supplemented by test with higher concentrations, I ran a series of trials with naïve chicks by offering prey laced with chemicals. I categorized prey acceptance and compared the behavior of the predators towards test and control larvae. Prey coated with cyanide and benzaldehyde were significantly rejected by the birds, while acetone did not elicit avoidance behavior. Intact cyanoglucosides apparently were not detected by the predators, presumably because of fast ingestion time or lack of enzymes to breakdown cyanoglucosides. The rejection of cyanide laced prey confirm the protective nature of cyanoglucosides against a vertebrate predator. Additionally, the rejection of the pungent but not toxic benzaldehyde suggests that some species that store aromatic cyanoglucosides could be detected via smell as well by taste. These results provide support for cyanoglucosides as defensive chemicals of aposematic lepidopterans and related arthropods.

Facilitation of Avoidance Behavior by Unavoidable Shocks in Normal and Amygdalectomized Monkeys

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliot Hearst ◽  
Karl H. Pribram
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
General Notion ◽  
Aversive Stimuli ◽  
And Control

When shocks were occasionally delivered regardless of S's behavior, the avoidance response rates of both amygdalectomized and control monkeys were markedly increased. Amygdalectomized Ss showed at least as great a facilitation as control Ss. The results of this test do not support the general notion that amygdalectomized Ss are relatively insensitive to the effects of aversive stimuli.

Blocking of conditioning of tentacle lowering in the snail (Helix aspersa)

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1315-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix Acebes ◽  
Patricia Solar ◽  
Susana Carnero ◽  
Ignacio Loy
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Helix Aspersa ◽  
Blocking Effect ◽  
Appetitive Conditioning ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Important Phenomenon ◽  
And Control ◽  
Snail Helix Aspersa

Experiment 1 established the effectiveness of an appetitive conditioning of odours procedure with snails ( Helix aspersa) that was subsequently used for the study of blocking. In this important phenomenon, the conditioning of a CS1 (where CS is the conditioned stimulus) prior to conditioning of a compound, CS1CS2, blocked the conditioning to the CS2. Experiments 2a, 2b, and 2c demonstrated this associative effect using three different experimental controls. Experiments 3a and 3b replicated the blocking effect and allowed us to reject an explanation of blocking based on generalized effects of several treatments of diverse stimuli in blocking and control groups (the pseudoblocking effect). The implications of these results for the study of invertebrate cognition by means of conditioning techniques are discussed.

Control of Metal Alloy Oxidation with Electric Fields

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
R. R. Dils ◽  
P. S. Follansbee
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Oxide Surface ◽  
Platinum Electrodes ◽  
Insulating Layer ◽  
Iron Base Alloy ◽  
Alloy Oxidation ◽  
Aluminum Oxide Layer ◽  
And Control

Electric fields have been applied across oxides growing on a high temperature alloy and control of the oxidation of the material has been demonstrated. At present, three-fold increases in the oxidation rate have been measured in accelerating fields and the oxidation process has been completely stopped in a retarding field.The experiments have been conducted with an iron-base alloy, Pe 25Cr 5A1 0.1Y, although, in principle, any alloy capable of forming an adherent aluminum oxide layer during oxidation can be used. A specimen is polished and oxidized to produce a thin, uniform insulating layer on one surface. Three platinum electrodes are sputtered on the oxide surface and the specimen is reoxidized.

Evidence for a Blood Ganglion Barrier in the Superior Cervical Ganglion of the Rat

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 204-204
Author(s):  
D. M. DePace
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Time Schedule ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Capillary Circulation ◽  
And Control

The majority of blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion possess a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. These same features have been associated with the blood brain barrier of the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. These vessels may perform a barrier function between the capillary circulation and the superior cervical ganglion. The permeability of the blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat was tested by intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Three experimental groups of four animals each were given intravenous HRP (Sigma Type II) in a dosage of.08 to.15 mg/gm body weight in.5 ml of.85% saline. The animals were sacrificed at five, ten or 15 minutes following administration of the tracer. Superior cervical ganglia were quickly removed and fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in Sorenson's.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Three control animals received,5ml of saline without HRP. These were sacrificed on the same time schedule. Tissues from experimental and control animals were reacted for peroxidase activity and then processed for routine transmission electron microscopy.

Effects of renovascular hypertension on rat adrenal zona glomerulosa

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 582-583
Author(s):  
G. Mazzocchi ◽  
P. Rebuffat ◽  
C. Robba ◽  
P. Vassanelli ◽  
G. G. Nussdorfer
Keyword(s):  
Renovascular Hypertension ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Left Renal Artery ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
And Control

It is well known that the rat adrenal zona glomerulosa steroidogenic activity is controlled by the renin-angiotensin system. The ultrastructural changes in the rat zona glomerulosa cells induced by renovascular hypertension were described previously, but as far as we are aware no correlated biochemical and morphometric investigations were performed.Twenty adult male albino rats were divided into 2 experimental groups. One group was subjected to restriction of blood flow to the left kidney by the application of a silver clip about the left renal artery. The other group was sham-operated and served as a control. Renovascular hypertension developed in about 10 days: sistolic blood pressure averaged 165 ± 6. 4 mmHg, whereas it was about 110 ± 3. 8 mmHg in the control animals. The hypertensive and control rats were sacrificed 20 days after the operation. The blood was collected and plasma renin activity was determined by radioimmunological methods. The aldosterone concentration was radioimmunologically assayed both in the plasma and in the homogenate of the left capsular adrenal gland.

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