scholarly journals The effect of insect cyanoglucosides on predation by domestic chicks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcio Zikán Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Predator Attack ◽  
Domestic Chicks ◽  
Ingestion Time ◽  
Vertebrate Predators ◽  
And Control

AbstractCyanogenic insects release cyanide and other byproducts that are thought to make them unpalatable to would be predators. In fact, aposematic Heliconius butterflies and Zygaena moths are rejected by vertebrate predators. Nevertheless, there have been few studies testing the effect of cyanoglucosides on vertebrate predation. Here I report tests undertook with captive domestic chicks in order to evaluate the effect of two chemically diverse cyanoglucosides, linamarin and prunasin. In insects as well as plants, cyanoglucosides are stored in vacuoles and are enzymatically broken down when the tissue is disrupted as in the case of a predator attack. Linamarin is an aliphatic that releases cyanide and acetone upon breakdown, while prunasin is an aromatic cyanoglucoside that releases cyanide and benzaldehyde. Using concentrations that mimicked the average concentration of a Heliconius butterfly, supplemented by test with higher concentrations, I ran a series of trials with naïve chicks by offering prey laced with chemicals. I categorized prey acceptance and compared the behavior of the predators towards test and control larvae. Prey coated with cyanide and benzaldehyde were significantly rejected by the birds, while acetone did not elicit avoidance behavior. Intact cyanoglucosides apparently were not detected by the predators, presumably because of fast ingestion time or lack of enzymes to breakdown cyanoglucosides. The rejection of cyanide laced prey confirm the protective nature of cyanoglucosides against a vertebrate predator. Additionally, the rejection of the pungent but not toxic benzaldehyde suggests that some species that store aromatic cyanoglucosides could be detected via smell as well by taste. These results provide support for cyanoglucosides as defensive chemicals of aposematic lepidopterans and related arthropods.

scholarly journals Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Tear Samples of Patients with Systemic Sclerosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anikó Rentka ◽  
Jolán Hársfalvi ◽  
András Berta ◽  
Krisztina Köröskényi ◽  
Zoltán Szekanecz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Ophthalmological Examination ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Total Protein Level ◽  
And Control ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

Background. Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease, characterized by widespread small vessel vasculopathy, immune dysregulation with production of autoantibodies, and progressive fibrosis. Changes in levels of proangiogenic cytokines had already been determined largely in serum. Our aim was to assess the levels of VEGF in human tears of patients with SSC.Patients and methods. Forty-three patients (40 female and 3 men, mean (SD) age 61 (48–74) years) with SSc and 27 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Basal tear sample collection and tear velocity investigations were carried out followed by an ophthalmological examination. Total protein concentrations and VEGF levels were determined in tear samples.Results. The average collected tear fluid volume developed 10.4 μL (1.6–31.2) in patients and 15.63 μL (3.68–34.5) in control subjects. The average total protein level was 6.9 μg/μL (1.8–12.3) in tears of patients and control tears contained an average of 4.132 μg/μL (0.1–14.1) protein. In patients with SSc the average concentration of VEGF was 4.9 pg/μL (3.5–8.1) and 6.15 pg/μL (3.84–12.3) in healthy samples.Conclusions. Total protein production was increased because of the smaller tear volume. Decreased VEGF in tear of SSc patients can be explained also by the decreased tear secretion of patients.

Facilitation of Avoidance Behavior by Unavoidable Shocks in Normal and Amygdalectomized Monkeys

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliot Hearst ◽  
Karl H. Pribram
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
General Notion ◽  
Aversive Stimuli ◽  
And Control

When shocks were occasionally delivered regardless of S's behavior, the avoidance response rates of both amygdalectomized and control monkeys were markedly increased. Amygdalectomized Ss showed at least as great a facilitation as control Ss. The results of this test do not support the general notion that amygdalectomized Ss are relatively insensitive to the effects of aversive stimuli.

The Interaction of Experience, Stimulus Characteristics and Exogenous Androgen in the Behaviour of Domestic Chicks

Behaviour ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 286-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Salzen
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Neuronal Model ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Domestic Chicks ◽  
Specific Sign ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Unseen Objects ◽  
And Control

AbstractThree experiments studied the behaviour of normal domestic chicks and ones that received a single injection (50 mgs) of a depot preparation of testosterone oenanthate at 2-3 days posthatch. In Expt 1 solitary reared hormone treated (6) and control (6) chicks had no experience of moving objects. In Expt 2 similar solitary reared chicks (6 hormone and 6 control) each had continuous visual experience of a neighbouring chick. In Expt 3 solitary reared hormone (4) and control (4) chicks and socially reared hormone (9) and control (9) chicks had 2 mins experience every other day of a hand placed in the cage. All were tested at various times from 7 to 25 days for their responses to a hand, a dead chick and a live chick of their own kind placed in their cages. The behaviour observed was classified into Fear, Exploration, Sex, Aggression, and Indifference and the behaviour patterns in each category have been described. When confronted with a prone hand Fear was least in Expt 3. When confronted with a dead chick or a live chick similar to themselves Fear was least in Expt 2. Where Fear was least, hormone treated groups showed most Sex and Aggression and control groups showed most Exploration and Aggression. Thus the occurrence of Fear seemed to depend on the absence of previous experience of the test object. Furthermore, where Fear was absent Sex, Aggression or Exploration seemed to be evoked according to the appropriateness of the stimulus and of course the androgen level in the chick. The prone hand and the dead chick elicited Sex in the hormone chicks and Aggression or Exploration in the controls. The results with the live chicks seemed to depend largely on the kind of chicks involved. Encounters between solitary hormone chicks produced intense Sex and Aggression; those between solitary controls produced some Aggression and Exploration; while those between solitary hormone and control chicks resulted largely in Indifference. Other encounters were arranged between all the different types of chick. The results considered with those for the intensively studied solitary chick encounters suggest that solitary hormone chicks stimulated each other to Sex and Aggression and reacted to all other chicks with Fear or Indifference, that solitary and socially reared control chicks reacted in all encounters with Fear or Indifference with some Exploration and Aggression and that socially reared hormone treated chicks showed Sex and Aggression with all types of chick, except solitary hormone chicks with whom they showed Indifference, but only when tested separately and not when tested in their social groups where Indifference with some Exploration prevailed. The results suggest that unfamiliar objects evoke fear behavior which masks sexual and social behaviour. When fear is absent sexual or social behaviour will be elicited according to the hormone condition of the chick and depending on the object providing appropriate stimulation. Such stimulation may involve few and non-specific sign stimuli since the hand and the dead chick as well as a live chick could elicit sexual and aggressive behaviour. Social chicks were much less liable to respond at least when in the group and this could be due to factors such as stimulus satiation and social inertia or learned inhibitions and adjustments. Aggressive behaviour seemed to be elicited simply by rapid movements and tall or erect objects or postures and was shown by all solitary chicks in Expt 3 towards an erect hand with fingertips at the top. Again, and possibly for the same reasons the social chicks were much less responsive. An attempt was made to explain all the data in terms of the interaction of a) avoidance of hitherto unseen objects in the manner predicted by a neuronal model hypothesis of imprinting, b) the appropriateness of the stimulus object for eliciting innate response patterns, c) stimulus satiation effects and d) social inertia. The possibility that an interaction of such factors could account for the phenomena of imprinting and its effects on later sexual and social behaviour has been discussed.

scholarly journals Eyespots deflect predator attack increasing fitness and promoting the evolution of phenotypic plasticity

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1798) ◽  
pp. 20141531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen L. Prudic ◽  
Andrew M. Stoehr ◽  
Bethany R. Wasik ◽  
Antónia Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Bicyclus Anynana ◽  
Predator Attack ◽  
Invertebrate Predators ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
Vertebrate Predators ◽  
Predator Abundance

Some eyespots are thought to deflect attack away from the vulnerable body, yet there is limited empirical evidence for this function and its adaptive advantage. Here, we demonstrate the conspicuous ventral hindwing eyespots found on Bicyclus anynana butterflies protect against invertebrate predators, specifically praying mantids. Wet season (WS) butterflies with larger, brighter eyespots were easier for mantids to detect, but more difficult to capture compared to dry season (DS) butterflies with small, dull eyespots. Mantids attacked the wing eyespots of WS butterflies more frequently resulting in greater butterfly survival and reproductive success. With a reciprocal eyespot transplant, we demonstrated the fitness benefits of eyespots were independent of butterfly behaviour. Regardless of whether the butterfly was WS or DS, large marginal eyespots pasted on the hindwings increased butterfly survival and successful oviposition during predation encounters. In previous studies, DS B. anynana experienced delayed detection by vertebrate predators, but both forms suffered low survival once detected. Our results suggest predator abundance, identity and phenology may all be important selective forces for B. anynana . Thus, reciprocal selection between invertebrate and vertebrate predators across seasons may contribute to the evolution of the B. anynana polyphenism.

scholarly journals Activity of Averrhoa Bilimbi L Leaf Extract as Denture Cleaner Towards The Number of Colonies of Candida Albicans in Heat Cured Resin with a 30 Minutes Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 402-407
Author(s):  
Idamawati ◽  
Rouli Natasia M. Simanjuntak ◽  
Molek ◽  
Listyaning Kartiko Kinasih
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Denture Base ◽  
Denture Stomatitis ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Condition ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

Denture stomatitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the oral mucosa thatgenerally occurs in users of removable dentures. The cause is multifactorialbut is often associated with the presence of Candida albicans. The mucosawhich is covered by the denture base also reduces the function of saliva whichfunctions as a cleanser for the oral cavity and results in food wasteaccumulating and microorganisms such as Candida albicans can increase innumber. Candida albicans is a normal flora of the oral cavity which is anopportunistic pathogen. The starfruit plant (Averrhoa billimbi l) is a naturalingredient that can be used as an antifungal agent. The aim was to determinethe ratio of the effectiveness of starfruit leaf extract (Averrhoa billimbi) betweenthe concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 100%, control + (Clorhexidine) andcontrol - (Aquadest) in reducing the number of Candida albicans colonies. Thetest method used the dilution method, the colony count of Candida albicansusing a spectrophotometer. The results of the one way ANOVA statistical testresulted in a significance value of p = 0.000 (p <0.05) which means that thereis a difference in the average concentration of Candida albicans between theextract concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 100%, control + and control. -namely 6.78 ± 0.35, 6.27 ± 0.21, 4.89 ± 0.29, 1.01 ± 0.18, 0.59 ± 0.19 and 9.13± 2.28 in inhibiting growth Candida albicans and this was confirmed by theTukey HSD posthoc test. The conclusion of this study is that there is adifference between the antifungal effectiveness of starfruit leaf extract(Averrhoa billimbi) concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 100% in inhibitingthe growth of Candida albicans colonies.

Ho Chi Minh city University of Medicine and Pharmacy

2014 ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
Trong Hanh Hoang ◽  
Cuu Loi Nguyen ◽  
Thi Phuong Anh Le ◽  
Khanh Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Infarction ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
S100 Protein ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Acute Cerebral Infarction ◽  
Lesion Volume ◽  
Age Of Majority ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Objective:Survey of serum concentrations of S100 protein and NSE in patients with acute cerebral infarction. To understand the relationship between serum S100 protein and NSE concentrations with some other risk factors such as age, sex, Glasgow Coma Scale, cerebral lesion volume on computerized tomography. Subjects and Methods: Study of 90 hospitalized patients with cerebral infarction at ICU of Hue Central Hospital and 100 controls. Data was collected through medical records of patients with acute cerebral infarction and control. The study method was acrossectional and descriptive. Data was analysed by medical statistics and processed by the SPSS 19.0 software.Results: In our study group of patients with average age was 68.3 ± 13.1. (Min: 32, Max: 90). Age of majority from 61 to 80 years (48.9%) patients who were the retired elderly. The average concentration of S100 protein and NSE in patient group was 1.489 ± 2.663 (micrograms/L); 38.36 ± 34.46(ng/mL), respectively.The greater volume of lesions was, the higher the concentration of S100 protein and NSE was. There was a agreement correlation between the S100 protein and NSE with lesion volume, the correlation equations respectively: y = 20.6x + 67.71 (n = 90; r = 0.397; p <0.01); y= 1.441x + 43.104 (n = 90; r = 0.359; p <0.01). Cut-off value to predict the survival of S100 protein and NSE in this study respectively 0.21 mcg/l and 20.45ng/ml. Predictive value of survival (death) of S100 protein is higher than NSE. Conclusion: The average concentration of S100 protein and NSE in patient group was 1.489 ± 2.663 (micrograms/L); 38.36 ± 34.46(ng/mL), respectively. Cut-off value to predict the survival of S100 protein and NSE in this study respectively 0.21 mcg/l and 20.45ng/ml. Predictive value of survival of S100 protein is higher than NSE. There is positive correlation between NSE and S100 protein with lesion volume. S100 protein and NSE can be used to predict and monitor disease progression and the volume of brain lesions. Keywords: Stroke, acute cerebral infarction, S100 protein, NSE.

scholarly journals A PRELIMINARY RESULT OF AIR QUALITY IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF PM10 AND PM2.5 IN STEEL INDUSTRIAL AREA, CILEGON, BANTEN

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Ira Setiawati ◽  
Rahyani Ermawati ◽  
Kitai Kang ◽  
Insoo Chang ◽  
Kihwan Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Steel Industry ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Pm10 And Pm2.5 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Industry Area

The increasingly rapid industrial development has produced pollutants in the form of gases and particles polluting the atmosphere. One of them is the steel industry where the majority of the air pollutants produced is particulate matter. Monitoring the air quality of particulate matter needs to be done routinely to identify and control the effects of air pollution somewhere. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in the steel industry area in Cilegon, Indonesia. Ambient particulate matter is sampling by low-volume Sequential Particulate Matter (PM) Sampler with flow rate 5-20 L/minute for 24 hours per day in 4 months from September 2018 to January 2019. The results of identification and analysis of PM10 and PM2.5 in the steel industry area, Cilegon, Indonesia showed concentrations that varied greatly depending on sampling location conditions, with an average concentration range of 89.38 - 141.13 µg/m3 for PM10 and 21.74 - 50.69 µg/m3 for PM2.5.

Control of Metal Alloy Oxidation with Electric Fields

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
R. R. Dils ◽  
P. S. Follansbee
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Oxide Surface ◽  
Platinum Electrodes ◽  
Insulating Layer ◽  
Iron Base Alloy ◽  
Alloy Oxidation ◽  
Aluminum Oxide Layer ◽  
And Control

Electric fields have been applied across oxides growing on a high temperature alloy and control of the oxidation of the material has been demonstrated. At present, three-fold increases in the oxidation rate have been measured in accelerating fields and the oxidation process has been completely stopped in a retarding field.The experiments have been conducted with an iron-base alloy, Pe 25Cr 5A1 0.1Y, although, in principle, any alloy capable of forming an adherent aluminum oxide layer during oxidation can be used. A specimen is polished and oxidized to produce a thin, uniform insulating layer on one surface. Three platinum electrodes are sputtered on the oxide surface and the specimen is reoxidized.

Evidence for a Blood Ganglion Barrier in the Superior Cervical Ganglion of the Rat

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 204-204
Author(s):  
D. M. DePace
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Time Schedule ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Capillary Circulation ◽  
And Control

The majority of blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion possess a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. These same features have been associated with the blood brain barrier of the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. These vessels may perform a barrier function between the capillary circulation and the superior cervical ganglion. The permeability of the blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat was tested by intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Three experimental groups of four animals each were given intravenous HRP (Sigma Type II) in a dosage of.08 to.15 mg/gm body weight in.5 ml of.85% saline. The animals were sacrificed at five, ten or 15 minutes following administration of the tracer. Superior cervical ganglia were quickly removed and fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in Sorenson's.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Three control animals received,5ml of saline without HRP. These were sacrificed on the same time schedule. Tissues from experimental and control animals were reacted for peroxidase activity and then processed for routine transmission electron microscopy.

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