Importance of texture-density preferences and motion parallax for visual depth discrimination by rats and chicks.

1974 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Walk ◽  
Clarence P. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Visual Depth ◽  
Depth Discrimination ◽  
Texture Density

Depth Discrimination in Rats on Visual Cliffs

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris C. Dehardt ◽  
David L. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Visual Depth ◽  
Open Area ◽  
Deep Side ◽  
Open Model ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Depth Discrimination ◽  
Texture Density ◽  
Shallow Side

On an open visual cliff rats significantly preferred the shallow side while on an otherwise comparable closed cliff they did not, suggesting either that depth discrimination is enhanced by the additional information provided by the deep side of the open model, or that animals merely avoided the large open area of the deep side. The latter suggests that side preferences in open model cliffs are not necessarily valid indicators of visual depth discriminability in rats. Texture density was not a sufficient cue for depth discriminability as indicated by the preference of Ss for 1-in. checks in both 3-in. vs 1-in. and 1-in. vs ¼-in. comparison tests.

Monocular Depth Perception in Rats

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-433
Author(s):  
Sachio Ashida
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Visual Depth ◽  
Jumping Performance ◽  
Depth Discrimination ◽  
Monocular Depth

64 male hooded rats were tested on a visual depth discrimination task in a modified Lashley Jumping Stand. The monocular Ss ( n = 32) were operated upon to close either the left or right eye and the control Ss ( n = 32) were sham operated. There were no significant differences in jumping performance between the binocular and the monocular Ss although the task was facilitated for both groups when a visual depth was increased. However, the monocular Ss showed significant orienting responses toward the “unoperated” side before they jumped. The results suggest that motion parallax overcomes both monocular and binocular visual weakness in a jumping-stand discrimination situation.

scholarly journals The motion/pursuit law for visual depth perception from motion parallax

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (15) ◽  
pp. 1969-1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Nawrot ◽  
Keith Stroyan
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Visual Depth

Motion Parallax in the Visual Cliff Situation

1971 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Somervill
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Direct Manipulation ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Depth Discrimination ◽  
Shallow Side

Walk's (1965) assumption that motion parallax is “the critical cue” for depth discrimination by newly hatched chicks was assessed by the use of 3-dimensional striped patterns on each side of the centerboard. The 3-dimensional patterns served two purposes: (1) to test an hypothesis that chicks would show no significant preference for the “shallow” side if motion parallax cues were presented independent of the solid appearance furnished by 2-dimensional surfaces and (2) to permit direct manipulation of the stimulus basis for motion parallax. Ss were 250 chicks, 6 to 24 hr. old. Results provide evidence that stimuli for motion parallax, devoid of the solid appearance of 2-dimensional surfaces, are sufficient cues for depth discrimination by chicks.

Reversals of Visual Depth Caused by Motion Parallax

Perception ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keikichi Hayashibe
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Visual Depth

Visuo-motor development which causes detection of visual depth from motion and density cues 1The article is based on a presentation given by the first author at the Joint Swiss-Japanese Scientific Seminar Human Motion Perception, Eye Movements, and Orientation in Visual Space, supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation in cooperation with the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, in Gunten (Switzerland) May 19-21, 1999. The research was supported by a Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan. The experiments were conducted as a joint research project supported by the Institute for Primate Research of Kyoto University.

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiichiro Tsuji ◽  
Keikichi Hayashibe ◽  
Masatoshi Hara ◽  
Tetsuro Matsuzawa
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Human Motion ◽  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Primate Research ◽  
Visual Depth ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Joint Research Project

This study examines the effectiveness of cues of visual depth and distance in the course of development and how this process depends on visuo-motor development. In the visual pitfall situation, i.e. a modification of Gibson 's visual cliff, eight Japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) were observed with respect to their depth avoidance and visuo-motor activity. The tests were run once a week from the first until the sixteenth week after birth. Binocular parallax, motion parallax and texture density rates were manipulated to examine their effectiveness as cues. It was shown that for the first two months depth perception depended exclusively on motion parallax, whereas in the third month cues of motion and texture were added. Binocular cues did not have any effect in this age range. Three items of behaviour, i.e. visual regard of depth, head movement, and body movement, were checked and measured to obtain information which could explain the process of development of the cue function. The three items showed different developmental curves. During the first month, visual regard closely concurred with head and body movements, then visual activity suppressed motor behaviour and, after the end of the second month, the two became almost independent of each other. These analyses demonstrated that at a later stage pictorial cues produced an effect additional to the primary motion cues and that the effective cue function was based on the development of visuo-motor activity.

Retinal Size in the Visual Cliff Situation

1970 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 903-911
Author(s):  
John W. Somervill ◽  
Sara Sharratt
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Retinal Size ◽  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Depth Discrimination ◽  
Shallow Side

300 one-day-old chicks were used in two experiments. Exp. I was designed to test an hypothesis that unequal retinal size is an insufficient cue for depth discrimination in a visual cliff situation. One group of Ss was exposed to mirrors on deep and shallow sides which reflected only their image and a white ceiling. A second group was exposed to white patterns, and a third to stripe patterns equated for retinal size. No significant preferences were found. No conclusions were made regarding the cue of unequal retinal size. In Exp. II, motion parallax was maximized by the use of three-dimensional patterns. One group was exposed to 3-D patterns equated for retinal size, a second to 2-D patterns unequated, and a third to 3-D patterns unequated. A significant preference for the shallow side was found only for the first group. Results of both experiments suggested that the total size of the pattern areas was too small to permit consistent depth discrimination. Implications for studies attempting to define thresholds were discussed.

Texture density and normal development of visual depth avoidance

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Z. Karmel ◽  
Patricia N. Miller ◽  
Lawrence Dettweiler ◽  
Gary Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Normal Development ◽  
Visual Depth ◽  
Texture Density
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