Averaging versus adding as a stimulus-combination rule in impression formation.

1965 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman H. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Combination Rule ◽  
Stimulus Combination

Adding and Averaging Effects in Impression Formation as a Function of the Situational Context

1970 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph L. Rosnow
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Combination Rule ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stimulus Combination ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Simple Summation

Male and female Ss made comparative judgments of paired sets of simultaneously presented income stimuli. The pairs were constructed so that the sum of the values was higher in one set than in the other, while the mean income was simultaneously higher in the latter set than in the former. When the incomes within a set were represented as all belonging to the same person or when the incomes were attributed to different members of a family, both men and women tended to rate higher in economic status whichever sets of stimuli had the higher sums in direct relation to the manipulated discrepancy between sums. When the same stimuli were attributed to different members of a group, both sexes rated higher in economic status whichever sets had the higher arithmetic mean values in direct relation to the manipulated discrepancy between arithmetic means. The significance of this finding is in demonstrating that the stimulus-combination rule in impression formation is at least partially predicated upon situational determinants and that neither simple summation nor simple averaging is an exclusively valid or invalid combinatory principle.

How Socially Relevant Visual Characteristics of Avatars Influence Impression Formation

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Weibel ◽  
Daniel Stricker ◽  
Bartholomäus Wissmath ◽  
Fred W. Mast
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Viewing Angle ◽  
Frontal View ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
First Impression ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
Blink Frequency

Like in the real world, the first impression a person leaves in a computer-mediated environment depends on his or her online appearance. The present study manipulates an avatar’s pupil size, eyeblink frequency, and the viewing angle to investigate whether nonverbal visual characteristics are responsible for the impression made. We assessed how participants (N = 56) evaluate these avatars in terms of different attributes. The findings show that avatars with large pupils and slow eye blink frequency are perceived as more sociable and more attractive. Compared to avatars seen in full frontal view or from above, avatars seen from below were rated as most sociable, self-confident, and attractive. Moreover, avatars’ pupil size and eyeblink frequency escape the viewer’s conscious perception but still influence how people evaluate them. The findings have wide-ranging applied implications for avatar design.

Forming Impressions of Personality

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne Nauts ◽  
Oliver Langner ◽  
Inge Huijsmans ◽  
Roos Vonk ◽  
Daniël H. J. Wigboldus
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Context Dependent

Asch’s seminal research on “Forming Impressions of Personality” (1946) has widely been cited as providing evidence for a primacy-of-warmth effect, suggesting that warmth-related judgments have a stronger influence on impressions of personality than competence-related judgments (e.g., Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007 ; Wojciszke, 2005 ). Because this effect does not fit with Asch’s Gestalt-view on impression formation and does not readily follow from the data presented in his original paper, the goal of the present study was to critically examine and replicate the studies of Asch’s paper that are most relevant to the primacy-of-warmth effect. We found no evidence for a primacy-of-warmth effect. Instead, the role of warmth was highly context-dependent, and competence was at least as important in shaping impressions as warmth.

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