Safety of premises with cumulative hazards of emitted airborne substances

HVAC codes and standards mention that a cumulative effect of hazards from emitted harmful airborne substances can occur. In this case, air exchange should not be calculated based on a simple summation of contributions of those harmful substances as long as environmental safety will not be assured, what has been mathematically proven. This paper contains a numerical and graphical approach description as well as calculation of a minimally allowable supply air flow assuring safety of premises with cumulative hazards of emitted airborne substances.

Novel Prognostic Index of High-Risk Prostate Cancer Using Simple Summation of Very High-Risk Factors

This study aimed to examine the role of very high-risk (VHR) factors (T3b–4 and Gleason score 9–10) for prognosis of clinically localized high-risk prostate cancer. We reviewed multi-institutional retrospective data of 1413 patients treated with radiotherapy (558 patients treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and 855 patients treated with brachytherapy (BT) ± EBRT. We introduced an index by simple summation of the number of VHR factors—VHR-0, VHR-1, and VHR-2. With median follow-up of 69.6 months, the 5-year biochemical disease free survival rate (bDFS), prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMSF) rates were 59.4%, 7.65%, and 83.2% for the VHR-2 group, respectively; 86.7%, 1.50%, and 95.4% for the VHR-1 group, respectively; and 93.1%, 0.12%, and 98.2% for the VHR-0 group, respectively. The VHR-2 group had significantly worse bDFS, PCSM, and DMSF than the VHR-0 (hazard ratios: 4.55, 9.607, and 7.904, respectively) and VHR-1 (hazard ratios: 1.723, 2.391, and 1.491, respectively) groups. The VHR-2 group could be identified as a super high-risk group compared with other groups, and could be a good candidate for clinical trials using multimodal intensified treatments. Simple summation of the number of VHR factors is an easy and useful predictive index for bDFS, PCSM, and DMSF.

Odontogenic Sinusitis Index (OSI)

The criteria for «odontogenic sinusitis» (OS) with the highest values of specificity and sensitivity were identified. An integral odontogenicity sinusitis index (OSI) was developed based on the identified criteria. To measure the sensitivity and specificity of the criteria, a group of 261 patients was selected (113 women (43.29%), 148 men (56.70%), the average age of the patients was 36 years), consisting of 150 known to have OS and 111 patients who were known to be without OS. As a result of data analysis, the values of sensitivity and specificity were obtained for all 13 criteria. Based on the sensitivity and specificity values, all criteria were combined into an odontogenicity sinusitis index (OSI) and divided into «minor» and «major». The “large” criteria were assigned a significance point of 2, and for the “small” criteria, a significance point of 1. The determination of the odontogenic nature of sinusitis was carried out by a simple summation of the points assigned to patients during the survey, examination, and analysis of CT criteria. An odontogenic cause of sinusitis is recognized if there is a minimum of 4 points of significance, for example, one “large” (2 points) and two “small” (1 point each) criteria. The general sensitivity of the integral OSI index was 93%, the general specificity was 94%. These rates are high enough that OSI can be used to determine the «odontogenic» nature of sinusitis.

Combined Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Neurological Disorders

Cell therapy of neurological diseases is gaining momentum. Various types of stem/progenitor cells and their derivatives have shown positive therapeutic results in animal models of neurological disorders and in clinical trials. Each tested cell type proved to have its advantages and flaws and unique cellular and molecular mechanism of action, prompting the idea to test combined transplantation of two or more types of cells (combined cell therapy). This review summarizes the results of combined cell therapy of neurological pathologies reported up to this point. The number of papers describing experimental studies or clinical trials addressing this subject is still limited. However, its successful application to the treatment of neurological pathologies including stroke, spinal cord injury, neurodegenerative diseases, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and retinal degeneration has been reported in both experimental and clinical studies. The advantages of combined cell therapy can be realized by simple summation of beneficial effects of different cells. Alternatively, one kind of cells can support the survival and functioning of the other by enhancing the formation of optimum environment or immunomodulation. No significant adverse events were reported. Combined cell therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of neurological disorders, but further research needs to be conducted.

Hello From the Other Side: Robust Contralateral Interference in Tactile Detection

Our sense of touch is unique in that our tactile receptors are spread across our body surface and constantly receive different inputs at the same time. These inputs vary in relevance according to our current goals, but there is little research on how simultaneous stimulation to different body sites affects the perception of touch. In this series of studies, we characterised how irrelevant tactile sensations across the body-midline affect tactile detection in a constantly-attended body site. Participants had to detect a target on their dominant index finger, while receiving irrelevant stimulation to another body site (homologous and non-homologous fingers, and the contralateral ankle). We document robust interference effects on all measured body-sites. Its impact on detection-performance was unaffected by body posture, exacerbated by the intensity of the irrelevant stimulation, and ameliorated by embedding a target-like signal in the irrelevant stimulation. In addition, we generalise our findings beyond the target stimulus (i.e., a vibration intensity decrement) and report similar effects when employing a target-increment. In light of our findings, we propose that tactile inputs may be pooled together early in the hierarchy of somatosensory processing, resulting in an integrated percept. The rules for integration across body sides are likely not described by a simple summation, but rather may be governed by more complex interactions between fingers and according to the corresponding perceived, as well as actual, intensities of the stimulation.HighlightsIrrelevant stimulation to a contralateral body site hinders tactile detection.We show robust and early integration of sensory inputs from across body sides.The amount of interference varies by the signal-to-noise in the irrelevant stimulation.Interference may result from cortical integration of bilateral tactile sensations.

Grasping adjustments to haptic, visual, and visuo-haptic object perturbations are contingent on the sensory modality

Haptics provides information about the size and position of a handheld object. However, it is still unknown how haptics contributes to action correction if a sudden perturbation causes a change in the configuration of the handheld object. In this study, we have occasionally perturbed the size of an object that was the target of a right-hand reach-to-grasp movement. In some cases, participants were holding the target object with their left hand, which provided haptic information about the object perturbation. We compared the corrective responses to perturbations in three different sensory conditions: visual (participants had full vision of the object, but haptic information from the left hand was prevented), haptic (object size was sensed by the left hand and vision was prevented), and visuo-haptic (both visual and haptic information were available throughout the movement). We found that haptic inputs evoked faster contralateral corrections than visual inputs, although actions in haptic and visual conditions were similar in movement duration. Strikingly, the corrective responses in the visuo-haptic condition were as fast as those found in the haptic condition, a result that is contrary to that predicted by simple summation of unisensory signals. These results suggest the existence of a haptomotor reflex that can trigger automatic and efficient grasping corrections of the contralateral hand that are faster than those initiated by the well-known visuomotor reflex and the tactile-motor reflex. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that online grip aperture corrections during grasping actions are contingent on the sensory modality used to detect the object perturbation. We found that sensing perturbations with the contralateral hand only (haptics) leads to faster action corrections than when object perturbations are only visually sensed. Moreover, corrections following visuo-haptic perturbations were as fast as those to haptic perturbations. Thus a haptomotor reflex triggers faster automatic responses than the visuomotor reflex.

Why the whole is more than the sum of its parts: Salience-driven overestimation in aggregated tactile sensations

Experimental psychology often studies perception analytically, reducing its focus to minimal sensory units, such as thresholds or just noticeable differences in a single stimulus. Here, in contrast, we examine a synthetic aspect: how multiple inputs to a sensory system are aggregated into an overall percept. Participants in three experiments judged the total stimulus intensity for simultaneous electrical shocks to two digits. We tested whether the integration of component somatosensory stimuli into a total percept occurs automatically, or rather depends on the ability to consciously perceive discrepancy among components (Experiment 1), whether the discrepancy among these components influences sensitivity or/and perceptual bias in judging totals (Experiment 2), and whether the salience of each individual component stimulus affects perception of total intensity (Experiment 3). Perceptual aggregation of two simultaneous component events occurred both when participants could perceptually discriminate the two intensities, and also when they could not. Further, the actual discrepancy between the stimuli modulated both participants’ sensitivity and perceptual bias: increasing discrepancies produced a systematic and progressive overestimation of total intensity. The degree of this bias depended primarily on the salience of the stronger stimulus in the pair. Overall, our results suggest that important nonlinear mechanisms contribute to sensory aggregation. The mind aggregates component inputs into a coherent and synthetic perceptual experience in a salience-weighted fashion that is not based on simple summation of inputs.

Implementation of Mathematics Learning Through Media Arrange Smart Dice to Improve Counting Ability in Early Childhood

The implementation of mathematics learning in some kindergartens in the city of Padang has not developed optimally. While in Rahmah Abadi Kindergarten that learning mathematics, especially numeracy has been well developed. The purpose of this study was to describe the implementation of mathematical learning using smart dice media for children's numeracy in Rahmah Abadi Kindergarten. The research method used was descriptive approach qualitative. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the implementation of mathematics learning using smart dice stacking media in kindergarten Rahmah Abadi was a child who was able to recognize numbers, count numbers 1-10 and simple summation. Keywords: Media Arrange Smart Dice, Counting Ability References Arikunto, S. (2014). Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Azhar Arsyad. (2013). Media Pembelajaran. Jakarta: Rajawali. Bowman, B. T., Donovan, M. S., & Burns, M. S. (2001). Eager to Learn. Eager to Learn. Washington DC: NAtional Academy Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9745 Darmadi, H. (2014). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Sosial. Bandung: Alfabeta. E Sovia. (2015). Buat Anak Anda Jago Eksakta (Rahasia Membuka Kecerdasan Eksakta Sejak Dini). Yogyakarta: Diva Press. Harris, B., & Petersen, D. (2017). Developing Math Skills in Early Childhood. Issue Brief. Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., (February), 1–6. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.uvic.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=ED587415&site=ehost-live&scope=site Kustandi. (2013). Media Pembelajaran Manual dan Digital. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia. Mashar, R. (2011). Emosional Anak Usia Dini dan Strategi Pengembangannya. Jakarta: Kencana. Mulyani, N. (2016). Dasar-dasar Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Yogyakarta: Kalimedia. Newzealand, G. (2013). Number: Early Learning Progression. Oktriyani, N. (2017). Peningkatan Kemampuan Berhitung Anak Usia Dini Melalui Permainan Lingkaran Angka Di Taman Kanak-Kanak Qatrinnada Kecamatan Koto Tangah Padang. Lectura: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 1(1), 82–96. Rohmah, N., & Waluyo, E. (2014). Arithmetic Dice Media as Counting Concept Introduction Media in Early Childhood Setting. Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood, 3(2), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijeces.v3i2.9486 Rutherford, K. (2015). Why Play Math Games? US. Smith, S. S. (2009). Early Childhood Mathematics. USA: Pearson. Sudarna. (2014). Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Berkarakter. Jakarta: Perpustakaan Nasional RI. Sugiyono. (2016). MetodePenelitianPendidikan:PendekatanKuantitatif,Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta. Sujiono, Y. N. (2008). Metode Pengembangan Kognitif. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka. Suryana, D. (2013). Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (teori dan praktik pembelajaran). Padang: UNP Press. Susanto, A. (2017). Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (Konsep dan Teori). Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Suyanto, S. (2003). Konsep Dasar Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Yogyakarta: UNY Press. Trianto. (2011). Desain Pengembangan Pembelajaran Tematik Bagi Anak Usia Dini TK/RA & Anak kelas awal SD/MI. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. Triharso, A. (2013). Permainan Kreatif dan Edukatif untuk Anak Usia Dini. Jakarta: Gaung Persada Press Group. Ulfah., S. dan M. (2013). Konsep Dasar PAUD. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.

INDEX NUMBERS AND REVEALED PREFERENCE RANKINGS

For previously identified weakly separable blockings of goods and assets, we construct aggregates using four superlative index numbers, the Fisher, Sato-Vartia, Törnqvist, and Walsh, two non-superlative indexes, the Laspeyres and Paasche, and the atheoretical simple summation. We conduct several tests to examine how well each of these aggregates “fit” the data. These tests are how close the aggregates come to solving the revealed preference conditions for weak separability, how often each aggregate gets the direction of change correct, and how well the aggregates mimic the preference ranking from revealed preference tests. We find that, as the number of goods and assets being aggregated increases, the problems with simple summation manifest.

The Argument from (A) to (Y)

This chapter provides a Bayesian model of strength of evidence in cases in which there are multiple items of independent evidence. The author uses this Bayesian model to evaluate the strength of evidence for theism if, as Plantinga claims, there are two dozen or so arguments for theism. The model turns questions of the overall strength of multiple arguments into a simple summation problem. Moreover, it provides a clear framework for advancing questions about how relationships between the arguments bear on the overall strength of evidence for theism. The Bayesian model developed in this chapter has a wide-range of applications for modeling strength of evidence in cumulative case arguments.