Are conservatives really from mars and liberals from Venus? The psychological processes underlying individual differences in morality and ideology

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Frimer ◽  
Linda Skitka
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Psychological Processes

What if …..? Designing tools to help the public make difficult decisions

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-210
Author(s):  
Patricia Wright
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Diverse Audience

Information overload results from having plenty of data but not enough time to organize it so that it assists decision making. This paper argues that although digital tools can help people make decisions, their development could benefit from an appreciation of how people’s behavior changes as the display features of the tools change. Therefore advantages could come from greater collaboration between designers and researchers who explore the psychological processes that enable decision making (processes such as search, understanding, inference and memory). Evidence is provided of individual differences in the way decision aids are used, and the value of multimodality information to accommodate diverse audience needs.

scholarly journals Identification of Six Emergent Types Based on Cognitive and Affective Constructs that Explain Individuals’ Relationship with the Biosphere

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7614
Author(s):  
Andrea Marais-Potgieter ◽  
Andrew Thatcher
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Strategic Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Affective Constructs ◽  
Behavioral Constructs

To address the pathological human–nature nexus, psychological processes that impact this relationship need to be further understood. Individual differences related to personality, values, worldviews, affect, and beliefs are likely to influence how people relate to the natural world. However, there is a lack of empirically-based ecopsychological research exploring multiple individual attributes. Understanding individual differences enables the strategic design of planetary-focused interventions, such as advocacy, policy, and technology development. Using a theoretical model that incorporates intrinsic, affective, cognitive, and behavioral constructs, this study sought to identify and describe different types of people and their relationship with the biosphere. Seven hundred and fifty-three people completed an online quantitative questionnaire battery. Results from the cluster analyses of the cognitive and affective constructs showed that six heterogeneous types existed. Their different descriptive expressions of intrinsic, affective, cognitive, and behavioral constructs provide a deeper understanding of each type’s relationship with the biosphere.

scholarly journals Match me if you can: Evidence for a domain-general visual comparison ability

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany Growns ◽  
James D. Dunn ◽  
Erwin J. A. T. Mattijssen ◽  
Adele Quigley-McBride ◽  
Alice Towler
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Real World ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
Visual Comparison ◽  
Perceptual Ability ◽  
Forensic Scientists

AbstractVisual comparison—comparing visual stimuli (e.g., fingerprints) side by side and determining whether they originate from the same or different source (i.e., “match”)—is a complex discrimination task involving many cognitive and perceptual processes. Despite the real-world consequences of this task, which is often conducted by forensic scientists, little is understood about the psychological processes underpinning this ability. There are substantial individual differences in visual comparison accuracy amongst both professionals and novices. The source of this variation is unknown, but may reflect a domain-general and naturally varying perceptual ability. Here, we investigate this by comparing individual differences (N = 248 across two studies) in four visual comparison domains: faces, fingerprints, firearms, and artificial prints. Accuracy on all comparison tasks was significantly correlated and accounted for a substantial portion of variance (e.g., 42% in Exp. 1) in performance across all tasks. Importantly, this relationship cannot be attributed to participants’ intrinsic motivation or skill in other visual-perceptual tasks (visual search and visual statistical learning). This paper provides novel evidence of a reliable, domain-general visual comparison ability.

Some like It Vigorous: Measuring Individual Differences in the Preference for and Tolerance of Exercise Intensity

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panteleimon Ekkekakis ◽  
Eric E. Hall ◽  
Steven J. Petruzzello
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Concurrent Validation ◽  
Intensity Of Exercise ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Structural Validation ◽  
Face Validation

Individuals differ in the intensity of exercise they prefer and the intensity they can tolerate. The purpose of this project was to develop a measure of individual differences in the preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity. The steps involved in (a) item generation and face validation, (b) exploratory factor analysis and item selection, (c) structural validation, (d) examination of the internal consistency and test-retest reliability, (e) concurrent validation, and (f) construct validation are described. The Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire (PRETIE-Q) is a 16-item, 2-factor measure that exhibits acceptable psychometric properties and can be used in research aimed at understanding individual differences in responses to exercise and thus the psychological processes involved in the public health problem of exercise dropout.

Cultural and individual differences in the generalization of theories regarding human thinking

2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 259-260
Author(s):  
Kyungil Kim ◽  
Youngjun Park
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Motivational Factors ◽  
Universal Theory ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Causal Mechanisms ◽  
Significant Variability ◽  
Human Thinking

AbstractTests of a universal theory often find significant variability and individual differences between cultures. We propose that descriptivism research should focus more on cultural and individual differences, especially those based on motivational factors. Explaining human thinking by focusing on individual difference factors across cultures could provide a parsimonious paradigm, by uncovering the true causal mechanisms of psychological processes.

Culture and individual differences

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 831-831
Author(s):  
Arthur B. Markman ◽  
Serge Blok ◽  
John Dennis ◽  
Micah Goldwater ◽  
Kyungil Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Psychological Processes

Tests of economic theory often focus on choice outcomes and find significant individual differences in these outcomes. This variability may mask universal psychological processes that lead to different choices because of differences across cultures in the information people have available when making decisions. On this view, decision making research within and across cultures must focus on the processes underlying choice.

Comment on Sachs and May's Paper on the Conditioned Emotional Response with Humans

1974 ◽  
Vol 34 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1069-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas F. Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Conditioned Emotional Response ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Intersubject Variability ◽  
Emotional Responding ◽  
Empirical Investigations

The suggestion that to some extent personality characteristics may be explicatory of the intersubject variability in conditioned emotional responding with humans illustrates that individual differences should be considered in empirical investigations of general psychological processes.

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