Naloxone facilitates extinction of Pavlovian sexual-conditioned approach behavior

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin S. Holloway ◽  
Christopher J. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Approach Behavior ◽  
Conditioned Approach

Contiguous Approach Conditioning: A Model for Positive Reinforcement

1974 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maury M. Haraway ◽  
Philip W. Wirth ◽  
Ernest G. Maples
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Approach Behavior ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Positive Reinforcer ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Physical Representation ◽  
Conditioned Approach ◽  
Flashing Light

The experiment was designed to demonstrate that a stimulus presented contiguously with the onset of a positive reinforcer, food, may serve as a conditioned elicitor of approach behavior. 20 naive male rats were assigned to two groups. Experimental Ss received their entire daily food supply paired with a flashing light. For control Ss, the light was presented uncorrelated with feeding. Approach behavior was assessed in a shuttle box. When the light was presented on the side of the hurdle opposite S, experimental Ss crossed the hurdle and approached the light significantly faster than did control Ss. The results are taken as physical representation of the conditioned approach responses postulated in Denny's interpretation of positive reinforcement effects.

scholarly journals Effects of the estrous cycle and ovarian hormones on cue-triggered motivation and intrinsic excitability of medium spiny neurons in the Nucleus Accumbens of female rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanaira Alonso-Caraballo ◽  
Carrie R. Ferrario
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Ovarian Hormones ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Intrinsic Excitability ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Approach Behavior ◽  
Individual Susceptibility ◽  
Conditioned Approach

AbstractNaturally occurring alterations in estradiol influence food intake in females. However, how motivational responses to food cues are affected by the estrous cycle or ovarian hormones is unknown. In addition, while individual susceptibility to obesity is accompanied by enhanced incentive motivational responses to food cues and increased NAc intrinsic excitability in males, studies in females are absent. Here, we examined basal differences in intrinsic NAc excitability of obesity-prone vs. obesity-resistant females and determined how conditioned approach (a measure of cue-triggered motivation), food intake, and motivation for food vary with the cycle in naturally cycling female obesity-prone, obesity-resistant, and outbred Sprague-Dawley rats. Finally, we used ovariectomy followed by hormone treatment to determine the role of ovarian hormones in cue-triggered motivation in selectively-bred and outbred female rats. We found that intrinsic excitability of NAc MSNs and conditioned approach are enhanced in female obesity-prone vs. obesity-resistant rats. These effects were driven by greater MSN excitability and conditioned approach behavior during metestrus/diestrus vs. proestrus/estrus in obesity-prone but not obesity-resistant rats, despite similar regulation of food intake and food motivation by the cycle in these groups. Furthermore, estradiol and progesterone treatment reduced conditioned approach behavior in obesity-prone and outbred Sprague-Dawley females. To our knowledge, these data are the first to demonstrate cycle- and hormone-dependent effects on the motivational response to a food cue, and the only studies to date to determine how individual susceptibility to obesity influences NAc excitability, cue-triggered food-seeking, and differences in the regulation of these neurobehavioral responses by the cycle.

scholarly journals Behavioral flexibility in an OCD mouse model: Impaired Pavlovian reversal learning in SAPAP3 mutants

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastijn J. G. van den Boom ◽  
Adriana H. Mooij ◽  
Ieva Misevičiūtė ◽  
Damiaan Denys ◽  
Ingo Willuhn
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Approach Behavior ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Conditioned Approach

ABSTRACTObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessive thinking, compulsive behavior, and anxiety, and is often accompanied by cognitive deficits. The neuropathology of OCD involves dysregulation of cortical-striatal circuits. Similar to OCD patients, SAPAP3 knockout mice 3 (SAPAP3−/−) exhibit compulsive behavior (grooming), anxiety, and dysregulated cortical-striatal function. However, it is unknown whether SAPAP3−/− display cognitive deficits and how these different behavioral traits relate to one another. SAPAP3−/− and wild-type littermates (WT) were trained in a Pavlovian conditioning task pairing the delivery of visual cues with that of sucrose solution. After mice learned to discriminate between a reward-predicting conditioned stimulus (CS+) and a non-reward stimulus (CS−), contingencies were reversed (CS+ became CS− and vice versa). Additionally, we assessed grooming, anxiety, and general activity. SAPAP3−/− acquired Pavlovian approach behavior similarly to WT, albeit less vigorously and with a different strategy. However, unlike WT, SAPAP3−/− were unable to adapt their behavior after contingency reversal, exemplified by a lack of re-establishing CS+ approach behavior (sign tracking). Surprisingly, such behavioral inflexibility, decreased vigor, compulsive grooming, and anxiety were unrelated. This study demonstrates that SAPAP3−/− are capable of Pavlovian learning, but lack flexibility to adapt associated conditioned approach behavior. Thus, SAPAP3−/− do not only display compulsive-like behavior and anxiety, but also cognitive deficits, confirming and extending the validity of SAPAP3−/− as a suitable model for OCD. The observation that compulsive-like behavior, anxiety, and behavioral inflexibility were unrelated suggests a non-causal relationship between these traits and may be of clinical relevance for OCD patients.

Firing Patterns of Accumbal Neurons During a Pavlovian-Conditioned Approach Task

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 652-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xun Wan ◽  
Laura L. Peoples
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Instrumental Behavior ◽  
Onset Latency ◽  
Approach Behavior ◽  
Firing Patterns ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioned Approach ◽  
Conditioned Approach ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanisms

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is necessary for the expression of Pavlovian-conditioned approach behavior but not for the expression of instrumental behavior conditioned in sessions that set a low response requirement. Although numerous studies have characterized firing patterns of NAc neurons in relation to instrumental behavior, very little is known about how NAc neurons encode information in Pavlovian tasks. In the present study, recordings of accumbal firing patterns were made during sessions in which rats performed a Pavlovian-conditioned approach task. Most of the recorded neurons (74/83, 89%) exhibited significant responses during the conditioned stimulus (CS) presentation and/or the reward exposure. The reward responses were prevalent, predominantly inhibitory, and comparable to reward responses observed in various types of behavioral paradigms, including instrumental tasks. The CS responses could be segregated into multiple subtypes on the basis of directionality, onset latency, and duration. Several characteristics of the CS firing patterns were unique relative to cue responses observed previously during alternative types of conditioning sessions. It is possible that the novel firing patterns correspond to the differential contributions of the accumbens to Pavlovian-conditioned approach behavior and instrumentally conditioned behavior. Regardless, the novel patterns of firing add to existing evidence that characterization of accumbal firing patterns in Pavlovian tasks may provide additional information about the neurophysiological mechanisms that mediate accumbal contributions to behavior.

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