An examination of sexual orientation- and transgender-based hate crimes in the post-Matthew Shepard era.

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Cramer ◽  
Andre Kehn ◽  
Charlotte R. Pennington ◽  
Hayley J. Wechsler ◽  
John W. Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Matthew Shepard

Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation in Hate Crime Victimization: Identity Politics or Identity Risk?

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Gay And Lesbian ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the impact of hate crimes upon gay and lesbian victims, reviewing 1,538 hate crimes committed in Los Angeles County. Differences between sexual orientation and other hate crime categories were considered for offense severity, reportage to law enforcement, and victim impact. The type of offense varied between crimes classified for sexual orientation (n = 551) and other bias-motivated crimes (n = 987). Assault, sexual assault, sexual harassment, and stalking were predictive of sexual orientation hate crimes. Sexual orientation bias crimes evidenced greater severity of violence to the person and impact upon victim level of functioning. More violent forms of aggression were predictive of gay and lesbian victim’s underreportage to law enforcement. For sexual orientation offenses, victim gender and race/ethnicity differences were predictive of the base rates of crime reportage as well. These findings are considered in terms of a group-risk hypothesis, encountered by multiple outgroup persons, that influences help-seeking behavior and ingroup identity.

scholarly journals Current situation of LGTBI community in Spain. A legislative analysis about recognized rights and protection of victims of discrimination based on sexual orientation and / or gender identity or expression

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-164
Author(s):  
Cristina R. Córdoba ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
National Level ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Right

The last decades have meant an advance in the rights and legal protections of LGTBI community however real equality has not yet been achieved. Societies have discrimination against LGTBI community in all areas especially in the workplace, where they have high rates of unemployment and prostitution. These discriminations end in attacks against people based on their sexual orientation and/or gender identity or expression. These are the third more frequent in hate crimes. In addition to national and regional laws in force Spain has two bills whose objective is to achieve real equality in LGTBI matters and to recognize the right of gender self-determination at the national level. The primary objective of that research is to analyze the current situation of LGTBI community in Spain in legal matters.

Hate Crimes Against LGBT People in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liz Coston
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Social Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Bias Crimes ◽  
Criminal Penalties ◽  
Lgbt People

Hate crimes (or bias crimes) are crimes motivated by an offenders’ personal bias against a particular social group. Modern hate crimes legislation developed out of civil rights protections based on race, religion, and national origin; however, the acts that constitute a hate crime have expanded over time, as have the groups protected by hate crimes legislation. Anti-LGBT hate crimes, in which victims are targeted based on their sexual orientation or gender identity. LGBT people are highly overrepresented as victims of hate crimes given the number of LGBT people in the population, and this is especially true of hate crimes against transgender women. Despite the frequency of these crimes, the legal framework for addressing them varies widely across the United States. Many states do not have specific legislation that addresses anti-LGBT hate crimes, while others have legislation that mandates data collection on those crimes but does not enhance civil or criminal penalties for them, and some offer enhanced civil and/or criminal penalties. Even in states that do have legislation to address these types of hate crimes, some states only address hate crimes based on sexual orientation but not those based on gender identity. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act gives the federal government the authority to prosecute those crimes regardless of jurisdiction; however, this power has been used in a limited capacity. Hate crimes are distinct from other crimes that are not motivated by bias. For example, thrill seeking, retaliation, or the desire to harm or punish members of a particular social group often motivates perpetrators of hate crimes; these motivations often result in hate crimes being more violent than other similar crimes. The difference in the motivation of offenders also has significant consequences for victims, both physically and mentally. Victims of hate crimes are more likely to require medical attention than victims of non-bias crimes. Likewise, victims of hate crimes, and especially anti-LGBT hate crimes, often experience negative psychological outcomes, such as PTSD, depression, or anxiety as a result of being victimized for being a member of an already marginalized social group.

scholarly journals Gay, Rural, and Coming Out

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Pace
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
School Principal ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
High School Principal ◽  
School And Community ◽  
Meaningful Relationships ◽  
Matthew Shepard

This case study details the events surrounding a gay student’s “coming out” in a small, rural high school. Through the eyes and experiences of the student, his teachers, classmates, and  community, we hear the story of how the school and community dealt with an issue they had never before actively considered. Through qualitative interviews, the former high school principal describes reactions and lessons learned as the student made his sexual orientation known, attended prom, and was awarded one of three Matthew Shepard Scholarships given in the state. The unexpected way in which events unfolded in the school and community were nearly as surprising as the revelation of the student’s sexual orientation. The experiences reinforce the importance of school climate, meaningful relationships between students and staff, the sometimes hidden challenges of high school, and provide valuable considerations for all educators.  

Blame Attribution as a Moderator of Perceptions of Sexual Orientation—Based Hate Crimes

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 848-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Cramer ◽  
Joseph F. Chandler ◽  
Emily E. Wakeman
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Blame Attribution
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document