Prospective memory and what costs do not reveal about retrieval processes: A commentary on Smith, Hunt, McVay, and McConnell (2007).

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1082-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles O. Einstein ◽  
Mark A. McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Retrieval Processes

scholarly journals Differential Focal and Nonfocal Prospective Memory Accuracy in a Demographically Diverse Group of Nondemented Community-Dwelling Older Adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1015-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Y. Chi ◽  
Laura A. Rabin ◽  
Avner Aronov ◽  
Joshua Fogel ◽  
Ashu Kapoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Decline ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Spontaneous Retrieval

AbstractAlthough prospective memory (PM) is compromised in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), it is unclear which specific cognitive processes underlie these PM difficulties. We investigated older adults’ performance on a computerized event-based focal versus nonfocal PM task that made varying demands on the amount of attentional control required to support intention retrieval. Participants were nondemented individuals (mean age=81.8 years; female=66.1%) enrolled in a community-based longitudinal study, including those with amnestic MCI (aMCI), nonamnestic MCI (naMCI), subjective cognitive decline (SCD), and healthy controls (HC). Participants included in the primary analysis (n=189) completed the PM task and recalled and/or recognized both focal and nonfocal PM cues presented in the task. Participants and their informants also completed a questionnaire assessing everyday PM failures. Relative to HC, those with aMCI and naMCI were significantly impaired in focal PM accuracy (p<.05). In a follow-up analysis that included 13 additional participants who successfully recalled and/or recognized at least one of the two PM cues, the naMCI group showed deficits in nonfocal PM accuracy (p<.05). There was a significant negative correlation between informant reports of PM difficulties and nonfocal PM accuracy (p<.01). PM failures in aMCI may be primarily related to impairment of spontaneous retrieval processes associated with the medial temporal lobe system, while PM failures in naMCI potentially indicate additional deficits in executive control functions and prefrontal systems. The observed focal versus nonfocal PM performance profiles in aMCI and naMCI may constitute specific behavioral markers of PM decline that result from compromise of separate neurocognitive systems. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–13)

Aging and prospective memory: Examining the influences of self-initiated retrieval processes.

1995 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 996-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles O. Einstein ◽  
Mark A. McDaniel ◽  
Sarah L. Richardson ◽  
Melissa J. Guynn ◽  
Allison R. Cunfer
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Retrieval Processes

Prospective memory and aging: Evidence for preserved spontaneous retrieval processes in older adults

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles O. Einstein ◽  
Michael Scullin ◽  
Rachel Bishop ◽  
Katie Arnold ◽  
Mark A. McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Spontaneous Retrieval

Retrieval Processes

Remembering ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 97-132
Author(s):  
Fergus I. M. Craik
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Processing Fluency ◽  
Levels Of Processing ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Familiarity And Recollection ◽  
Transfer Appropriate Processing

Endel Tulving’s views of synergistic ecphory and cue-dependent forgetting are discussed and endorsed, in particular the view that external stimulation (or self-initiated internal stimulation) necessarily interacts with encoded records to yield retrieval. Paul Kolers’ view of retrieval as repetition of processing operations is also evaluated. Other topics include retrieval as recapitulation of encoding, transfer-appropriate processing, environmental and schematic support, and self-initiated activities. It is concluded that the concepts of levels of processing and transfer-appropriate processing are both necessary to describe observed patterns of retrieval. Two postulated bases for recognition memory—familiarity and recollection—are described and evaluated, as are the ideas of processing fluency and attribution proposed by Larry Jacoby. Finally, studies of involuntary retrieval, mind-wandering, and prospective memory are described and their implications assessed.

scholarly journals A-180 A Preliminary Study of Prospective Memory Performance and Medication Adherence Among Young Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 975-975
Author(s):  
Glover T ◽  
Flores E ◽  
Williams L ◽  
Shorter S ◽  
Childers L ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Automatic Retrieval ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Adherence Scale ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Event Based

Abstract Objective Medication adherence is a significant problem concerning the proliferation of many illnesses, and prospective memory—that is, memory to carry out an intended future action—may play a role in whether individuals take their medications (Osterberg & Blaschke, 2005; Zogg, Woods, Sauceda, Wiebe, & Simoni, 2012). Current research on prospective memory and medication adherence suggests that individuals take medication more efficiently when associated with a specific event, rather than when associated with the passage of time (Zogg et al., 2012). The purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate the relationship between prospective memory and medication adherence. Method Young adults (N = 16, 18–30 years) who identified as regularly taking prescription medications completed the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) and the Virtual Kitchen Protocol, which includes prospective memory tasks with both event-based and time-based cues. Results Higher scores on event-based cues were associated with better medication adherence among young adults (p = .005). However, performance on time-based cues was not associated with medication adherence. Conclusions Event-based prospective memory cues are associated with higher medication adherence among young adults. Furthermore, event-based prospective memory cues may be more indicative of medication adherence in young adults, when compared to time-based prospective memory cues. Individuals are generally better at event-based cues, particularly because they involve automatic retrieval processes (Zogg et al., 2012). On the other hand, time-based cues require more monitoring and greater time estimation (Zogg et al., 2012). Overall, it is evident that prospective memory is an important contributor to medication adherence among young adults.

Prospective Memory

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 286-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles O. Einstein ◽  
Mark A. McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Multiple Processes ◽  
Spontaneous Retrieval ◽  
Environmental Events

An interesting challenge for researchers who study prospective memory is to explain how people recognize environmental events as cues for actions. Whereas some theorists propose that a capacity-consuming monitoring process is the only means by which intentions can be retrieved, we argue that the cognitive system relies on multiple processes, including spontaneous processes that reflexively respond to the presence of target events. We present evidence for the existence of spontaneous retrieval processes and apply the idea of multiple processes to mixed findings on age-related decline in prospective memory.

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