Control of cost in prospective memory: Evidence for spontaneous retrieval processes.

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Scullin ◽  
Mark A. McDaniel ◽  
Gilles O. Einstein
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Spontaneous Retrieval

scholarly journals Differential Focal and Nonfocal Prospective Memory Accuracy in a Demographically Diverse Group of Nondemented Community-Dwelling Older Adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1015-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Y. Chi ◽  
Laura A. Rabin ◽  
Avner Aronov ◽  
Joshua Fogel ◽  
Ashu Kapoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Decline ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Spontaneous Retrieval

AbstractAlthough prospective memory (PM) is compromised in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), it is unclear which specific cognitive processes underlie these PM difficulties. We investigated older adults’ performance on a computerized event-based focal versus nonfocal PM task that made varying demands on the amount of attentional control required to support intention retrieval. Participants were nondemented individuals (mean age=81.8 years; female=66.1%) enrolled in a community-based longitudinal study, including those with amnestic MCI (aMCI), nonamnestic MCI (naMCI), subjective cognitive decline (SCD), and healthy controls (HC). Participants included in the primary analysis (n=189) completed the PM task and recalled and/or recognized both focal and nonfocal PM cues presented in the task. Participants and their informants also completed a questionnaire assessing everyday PM failures. Relative to HC, those with aMCI and naMCI were significantly impaired in focal PM accuracy (p<.05). In a follow-up analysis that included 13 additional participants who successfully recalled and/or recognized at least one of the two PM cues, the naMCI group showed deficits in nonfocal PM accuracy (p<.05). There was a significant negative correlation between informant reports of PM difficulties and nonfocal PM accuracy (p<.01). PM failures in aMCI may be primarily related to impairment of spontaneous retrieval processes associated with the medial temporal lobe system, while PM failures in naMCI potentially indicate additional deficits in executive control functions and prefrontal systems. The observed focal versus nonfocal PM performance profiles in aMCI and naMCI may constitute specific behavioral markers of PM decline that result from compromise of separate neurocognitive systems. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–13)

Prospective memory and aging: Evidence for preserved spontaneous retrieval processes in older adults

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles O. Einstein ◽  
Michael Scullin ◽  
Rachel Bishop ◽  
Katie Arnold ◽  
Mark A. McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Spontaneous Retrieval

Prospective Memory

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 286-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles O. Einstein ◽  
Mark A. McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Multiple Processes ◽  
Spontaneous Retrieval ◽  
Environmental Events

An interesting challenge for researchers who study prospective memory is to explain how people recognize environmental events as cues for actions. Whereas some theorists propose that a capacity-consuming monitoring process is the only means by which intentions can be retrieved, we argue that the cognitive system relies on multiple processes, including spontaneous processes that reflexively respond to the presence of target events. We present evidence for the existence of spontaneous retrieval processes and apply the idea of multiple processes to mixed findings on age-related decline in prospective memory.

scholarly journals Retrieval in prospective memory: Multiple processes or just delay?

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 2197-2207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis T. Anderson ◽  
Mark A. McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Multiple Processes ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Spontaneous Retrieval ◽  
Sufficient Degree ◽  
Focal Condition ◽  
Information Accumulation

In prospective memory (PM) research, a common finding is that PM accuracy is greater using focal, rather than nonfocal, cues. Under the multiprocess framework, the high PM performance for focal cues (cues that facilitate noticing of the target), often in the absence of task interference, reflects people’s ability to rely on spontaneous retrieval processes. By contrast, nonfocal cues (cues that do not facilitate noticing) require monitoring. A competing explanation suggests that a single process underlies focal versus nonfocal PM: People adjust their delay in ongoing responding to allow enough time for PM information to reach awareness (delay theory). Participants’ lower nonfocal performance arises because they fail to delay responding to a sufficient degree; with focal cues, the PM information accumulation rate is fast enough that no delay is necessary (and thus most everyone performs well). We sought to improve nonfocal PM performance by pairing a PM task with fast information accumulation to an ongoing task for which the requisite information accumulated more slowly. Reasoning from delay theory, we expected PM accuracy levels in this nonfocal PM task to approximate that observed in a focal PM task (for which the PM tasks were identical). In contrast to this expectation, the focal condition displayed significantly higher PM accuracy (despite demonstrating a reliably shorter response delay). In light of these findings, we concluded that the multiprocess interpretation is favoured.

Prospective memory: Effects of divided attention on spontaneous retrieval

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler L. Harrison ◽  
Hillary G. Mullet ◽  
Katie N. Whiffen ◽  
Hunter Ousterhout ◽  
Gilles O. Einstein
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Divided Attention ◽  
Memory Effects ◽  
Spontaneous Retrieval

Relationship between Cue Word Activation and Prospective Memory Performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eriko Sugimori ◽  
Takashi Kusumi
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Retrieval Process ◽  
Specific Instruction ◽  
Spontaneous Retrieval ◽  
Strategic Monitoring ◽  
Word Familiarity ◽  
Cue Words ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Prospective Memory Performance

The interaction of cue-word specificity in instructions and cue-word familiarity on prospective performance was examined. Exp. 1 was based on a typical prospective memory paradigm using familiar and unfamiliar cue words. Prospective memory performances under general and specific instruction conditions were compared. In Exp. 2, the relationship found in Exp. 1 was further investigated based on the activation of cue words and prospective memory performance. The experimental results indicated that, when a spontaneous retrieval process was used, unfamiliar cues were more likely to be detected, whereas when only strategic monitoring played a role, familiar cues were more likely to be detected, suggesting that retrieval varied systematically across experimental situations, as predicted by the multiprocess model.

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