On the thermal noise “temperature” in an anisotropic plasma

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Meyer-Vernet
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Noise ◽  
Noise Temperature ◽  
Anisotropic Plasma

scholarly journals Analysis of noise temperature sensitivity for the design of a broadband thermal noise primary standard

Metrologia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 538-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Díaz-Morcillo ◽  
Antonio Lozano-Guerrero ◽  
Jaime Fornet-Ruiz ◽  
Juan Monzó-Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Thermal Noise ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Noise Temperature

Thermal-Noise Temperature in GaAs-AlGaAs Heterojunctions

1998 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Dong Bing ◽  
Lei Xiaolin
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Noise ◽  
Noise Temperature

scholarly journals Does a Standalone, “Cold” (Low-Thermal-Noise), Linear Resistor Exist Without Cooling?

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (04) ◽  
pp. 1850030
Author(s):  
Jiaao Song ◽  
Laszlo B. Kish
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Noise ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Noise Temperature ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Natural Question ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Nonlinear Resistor ◽  
Technology Corporation ◽  
Thermal Cooling

Classical ways of cooling require some of these elements: phase transition, compressor, nonlinearity, valve and/or switch. A recent example is the 2018 patent of Linear Technology Corporation; they utilize the shot noise of a diode to produce a standalone nonlinear resistor that has [Formula: see text]/2 noise temperature (about 150[Formula: see text]K). While such “resistor” can cool its environment when it is AC coupled to a resistor, the thermal cooling effect is only academically interesting. The importance of the invention is of another nature: In low-noise electronics, it is essential to have resistors with low-noise temperature to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. A natural question is raised: can we use a linear system with feedback to cool and, most importantly, to show reduced noise temperature? Exploring this problem, we were able to produce standalone linear resistors showing strongly reduced thermal noise. Our must successful test shows [Formula: see text]/100 (about 3[Formula: see text]K) noise temperature, as if the resistor would have been immersed in liquid helium. We also found that there is an old solution offering similar results utilizing the virtual ground of an inverting amplifier at negative feedback. There, the “cold” resistor is generated at the input of an amplifier. On the other hand, our system generates the “cold” resistance at the output, which can have practical advantages.

scholarly journals BER analysis of IM/DD FSO system with APD receiver over gamma-gamma turbulence

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Petkovic ◽  
Goran Djordjevic ◽  
Dejan Milic ◽  
Bata Vasic
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Thermal Noise ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Noise Temperature ◽  
Avalanche Photodiode ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Free Space Optical ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Inner Scale

In this paper, the bit-error rate (BER) performance of intensity modulated with direct detection (IM/DD) free space optical (FSO) system using the on-off keying (OOK) and avalanche photodiode (APD) receiver is analyzed. The intensity fluctuations of the received optical signal are modeled by gamma gamma distribution, while both zero and nonzero inner scale models are observed. The total receiver noise includes APD shot noise and thermal noise. The BER expression is theoretically derived and numerical results are presented. The results illustrate the BER dependence on the turbulence strength, propagation path length, APD gain and noise temperature.

A Thermal Noise Measurement System for Noise Temperature Standards in $W$ -Band

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1741-1747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae-Weon Kang ◽  
Jeong-Hwan Kim ◽  
No-Weon Kang ◽  
Jin-Seob Kang
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Thermal Noise ◽  
Noise Temperature ◽  
Noise Measurement ◽  
Temperature Standards

International comparison of thermal noise-temperature measurements at 2, 4, and 12 GHz

1999 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Randa ◽  
J. Achkar ◽  
F.-I. Buchholz ◽  
T. Colard ◽  
J. Rice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Comparison ◽  
Thermal Noise ◽  
Noise Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurements
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