Critical Molecular Weight Effects in the Aggregation of Phospholipid Vesicles Triggered by Water-Soluble Polymers and an Integrated Glycolipid

1996 ◽  
Vol 29 (25) ◽  
pp. 8132-8136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinji Takeoka ◽  
Keitaro Sou ◽  
Shinya Arase ◽  
Takeru Ohgushi ◽  
Eishun Tsuchida
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phospholipid Vesicles ◽  
Water Soluble Polymers ◽  
Soluble Polymers ◽  
Critical Molecular Weight

β-Glycosylamide Glycopolymers: Synthesis, Physical Properties, Chemical and Enzymatic Stability

1995 ◽  
Vol 394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Spevak ◽  
Frangois D. Tropper
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Glycosidic Linkage ◽  
Water Soluble Polymers ◽  
Soluble Polymers ◽  
Enzymatic Stability ◽  
Reducing Carbohydrates

AbstractA method is described for the preparation β-glycosylamide monomers from reducing carbohydrates. The glycosylamide monomers were copolymerized with acrylamide to formhigh molecular weight, water soluble polymers. The chemical and enzymatic stability of the β-N-glycosidic linkage was investigated. In addition, the glycopolymers were characterized by their interactions with lectins.

scholarly journals Macromolecular Systems for Vaccine Delivery

2016 ◽  
pp. S203-S216 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. MUŽÍKOVÁ ◽  
R. LAGA
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Medicine ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Polymers ◽  
Soluble Polymers ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Macromolecular Systems ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Life Threatening

Vaccines have helped considerably in eliminating some life-threatening infectious diseases in past two hundred years. Recently, human medicine has focused on vaccination against some of the world’s most common infectious diseases (AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, etc.), and vaccination is also gaining popularity in the treatment of cancer or autoimmune diseases. The major limitation of current vaccines lies in their poor ability to generate a sufficient level of protective antibodies and T cell responses against diseases such as HIV, malaria, tuberculosis and cancers. Among the promising vaccination systems that could improve the potency of weakly immunogenic vaccines belong macromolecular carriers (water soluble polymers, polymer particels, micelles, gels etc.) conjugated with antigens and immunistumulatory molecules. The size, architecture, and the composition of the high molecular-weight carrier can significantly improve the vaccine efficiency. This review includes the most recently developed (bio)polymer-based vaccines reported in the literature.

Novel Drag-Reducing Agents for Fracturing Treatments Based on Polyacrylamide Containing Weak Labile Links in the Polymer Backbone

SPE Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (03) ◽  
pp. 924-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.. Kot ◽  
R.K.. K. Saini ◽  
L.R.. R. Norman ◽  
A.. Bismarck
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Reducing Agents ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Weak Links ◽  
Polymer Backbone ◽  
Water Soluble Polymers ◽  
Soluble Polymers

Summary Water-soluble polymers have found extensive use in the oil and gas industry. For instance, high-molecular-weight polymers are very efficient drag-/friction-reducing agents and viscosifiers. Unfortunately, the adsorption of the polymer on the reservoir formation reduces the effectiveness of the recovery of oil and gas from low-permeability formations, such as shale. The availability of water-soluble polymers containing weak links in the backbone of the polymer that can be degraded upon experiencing a certain trigger, such as temperature, pH, or reducing agent, would be very advantageous. Because of the ability of weak links to degrade under certain conditions, such polymers can be used for their intended application and can afterward be degraded in a controlled and predetermined way. The resulting lower-molecular-weight fractions of that polymer lead to a reduced viscosity and quick partitioning into the water phase, and they are also less likely to adsorb onto formation surfaces. Additionally, no oxidizers need to be pumped to break or clean the deposited polymer, thus saving treatment time. It has been proved that using a bifunctional reducing agent containing degradable groups and oxidizing metal ions as a redox couple is an effective method to initiate free-radical polymerization and build degradable groups into the backbone of vinyl polymers. Temperature-degradable but hydrolytically stable azo groups showed the most-desirable results. The presence of azo groups in the backbone of the synthesized polyacrylamide (PAM) was confirmed by H1-NMR spectra and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The degradation behavior of the PAM with temperature-sensitive azo groups was characterized using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and proved that multiple labile links were built into the polymer backbone. It was also found that PAM with azo links in the polymer backbone is as good a drag-reducing agent as pure PAM. However, PAM with azo links in the backbone loses its drag-reduction properties once subjected to elevated temperatures, which for some applications is viewed as an advantage.

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