The NOx−HNO3System in the Lower Stratosphere:  Insights from In Situ Measurements and Implications of theJHNO3−[OH] Relationship

2001 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. 1521-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Perkins ◽  
T. F. Hanisco ◽  
R. C. Cohen ◽  
L. C. Koch ◽  
R. M. Stimpfle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
In Situ Measurements

In situ measurements of hydrogen cyanide in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere during Arctic spring 2000

2002 ◽  
Vol 107 (D5) ◽  
pp. SOL 47-1-SOL 47-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Viggiano ◽  
D. E. Hunton ◽  
Thomas M. Miller ◽  
John O. Ballenthin
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Upper Troposphere

scholarly journals Ground-based FTIR retrievals of SF<sub>6</sub> at Réunion Island

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minqiang Zhou ◽  
Bavo Langerock ◽  
Corinne Vigouroux ◽  
Pucai Wang ◽  
Christian Hermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Retrieval Strategy ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Individual Layer ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Independent Information ◽  
Air Column

Abstract. SF6 total columns are successfully retrieved from FTIR measurements (Saint Denis and Maïdo) at Réunion Island (21° S, 55° E) between 2004–2016 using the SFIT4 algorithm: the retrieval strategy and the error budget are presented. The FTIR SF6 retrieval has independent information in only one individual layer, covering the whole troposphere and the lower stratosphere. The trend of SF6 is analysed based on the FTIR retrieved dry air column-averaged mole fractions (XSF6) at Réunion Island, the in-situ measurements at America Samoa (SMO) and the collocated satellite measurements (MIPAS and ACE-FTS) in the southern tropics. The SF6 annual growth rate from FTIR retrievals is 0.265 ± 0.013 pptv/year for 2004–2016, which is slightly weaker than that from the SMO in-situ measurements (0.285 ± 0.002 pptv/year) for the same time period. The SF6 trend in the troposphere from MIPAS and ACE-FTS observations is also close to the ones from the FTIR retrievals and the SMO in-situ measurements.

scholarly journals Aerosols in the tropical and subtropical UT/LS: in-situ measurements of submicron particle abundance and volatility

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 24587-24628 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Borrmann ◽  
D. Kunkel ◽  
R. Weigel ◽  
A. Minikin ◽  
T. Deshler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Submicron Particles ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Number Density ◽  
Long Distance

Abstract. Processes occurring in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) are of importance for the global climate, for the stratospheric dynamics and air chemistry, and they influence the global distribution of water vapour, trace gases and aerosols. The mechanisms underlying cloud formation and variability in the UT/LS are of scientific concern as these still are not adequately described and quantified by numerical models. Part of the reasons for this is the scarcity of detailed in-situ measurements in particular from the Tropical Transition Layer (TTL) within the UT/LS. In this contribution we provide measurements of particle number densities and the amounts of non-volatile particles in the submicron size range present in the UT/LS over Southern Brazil, West Africa, and Northern Australia. The data were collected in-situ on board of the Russian high altitude research aircraft M-55 "Geophysica" using the specialised COPAS (COndensation PArticle counting System) instrument during the TROCCINOX (Araçatuba, Brazil, February 2005), the SCOUT-O3 (Darwin, Australia, December 2005), and SCOUT-AMMA (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, August 2006) campaigns. The vertical profiles obtained are compared to those from previous measurements from the NASA DC-8 and NASA WB-57F over Costa Rica and other tropical locations between 1999 and 2007. The number density of the submicron particles as function of altitude was found to be remarkably constant (even back to 1987) over the tropical UT/LS altitude band such that a parameterisation suitable for models can be extracted from the measurements. At altitudes corresponding to potential temperatures above 430 K a slight increase of the number densities from 2005/2006 results from the data in comparison to the 1987 to 2007 measurements. The origins of this increase are unknown. By contrast the data from Northern hemispheric mid latitudes do not exhibit such an increase between 1999 and 2006. Vertical profiles of the non-volatile fraction of the submicron particles were also measured by a COPAS channel and are presented here. The resulting profiles of the non-volatile number density fraction show a pronounced maximum of 50% in the tropical TTL over Australia and West Africa. Below and above this fraction is much lower attaining values of 10% and smaller. In the lower stratosphere the fine particles mostly consist of sulphuric acid which is reflected in the low numbers of non-volatile residues measured by COPAS. Without detailed chemical composition measurements the reason for the increase of non-volatile particle fractions cannot yet be given. The long distance transfer flights to Brazil, Australia and West-Africa were executed during a time window of 17 months within a period of relative volcanic quiescence. Thus the data measured during these transfers represent a "snapshot picture" documenting the status of a significant part of the global UT/LS aerosol (with sizes below 1 μm) at low concentration levels 15 years after the last major (i.e., the 1991 Mount Pinatubo) eruption. The corresponding latitudinal distributions of the measured particle number densities are also presented in this paper in order to provide input on the UT/LS background aerosol for modelling purposes.

Ozone variability and trends in the UTLS derived from the IAGOS- CARIBIC observatory using JETPAC

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Boenisch ◽  
Andreas Zahn ◽  
Luis Millan
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Research Infrastructure ◽  
European Research ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Work In Progress

&lt;p&gt;The CARIBIC (Civil &amp;#160;Aircraft &amp;#160;for &amp;#160;the &amp;#160;Regular &amp;#160;Investigation &amp;#160;of the atmosphere Based on an&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;Instrumented Container) project is part of the a European research infrastructure IAGOS (In-&lt;br&gt;Service Aircraft for a Global Observing System) making regular in-situ measurements of more&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;than 100 atmospheric constituents, include ozone and water vapour, on-board of an in-service&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;passenger &amp;#160;aircraft &amp;#160;operated &amp;#160;by &amp;#160;Lufthansa. &amp;#160;The &amp;#160;dataset &amp;#160;of &amp;#160;the &amp;#160;IAGOS-CARIBIC &amp;#160;is &amp;#160;therefore&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;ideally suited as a testbed for the SPARC (Stratosphere-troposphere Processes And their Role&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;in Climate) activity OCTAV-UTLS (Observed Composition Trends And Variability in the Upper&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere). One key aspect, shown here as work in progress, is to&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;develop, define and apply common metrics for the comparison of different UTLS datasets&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;using a variety of meteorological coordinate systems derived from reanalysis datasets. The&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;focus here is on the variability of ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;(UTLS) on interannual and seasonal timescales and the observed trends. The in-situ ozone&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;measurements by IAGOS-CARIBIC are analysed relative to different tropopause definitions&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;and coordinate systems. All these meteorological information applied here are produced with&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;the JETPAC tool &amp;#8210; Jet and Tropopause Products for Analysis and Characterization (Manney et&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;al., 2011).&lt;/p&gt;

In situ measurements of HNO3, NOy, NO, and O3 in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (33) ◽  
pp. 5789-5797 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Neuman ◽  
R.S. Gao ◽  
D.W. Fahey ◽  
J.C. Holecek ◽  
B.A. Ridley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Upper Troposphere

Airborne gas chromatograph for in situ measurements of long-lived species in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Elkins ◽  
D. W. Fahey ◽  
J. M. Gilligan ◽  
G. S. Dutton ◽  
T. J. Baring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Gas Chromatograph ◽  
Upper Troposphere

scholarly journals The role of sulfur dioxide in stratospheric aerosol formation evaluated by using in situ measurements in the tropical lower stratosphere

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 4280-4286 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Rollins ◽  
T. D. Thornberry ◽  
L. A. Watts ◽  
P. Yu ◽  
K. H. Rosenlof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Aerosol Formation

scholarly journals The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) Experiment

2017 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Pan ◽  
E. L. Atlas ◽  
R. J. Salawitch ◽  
S. B. Honomichl ◽  
J. F. Bresch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Convective Transport ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) experiment was conducted from Guam (13.5°N, 144.8°E) during January–February 2014. Using the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V research aircraft, the experiment investigated the photochemical environment over the tropical western Pacific (TWP) warm pool, a region of massive deep convection and the major pathway for air to enter the stratosphere during Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter. The new observations provide a wealth of information for quantifying the influence of convection on the vertical distributions of active species. The airborne in situ measurements up to 15-km altitude fill a significant gap by characterizing the abundance and altitude variation of a wide suite of trace gases. These measurements, together with observations of dynamical and microphysical parameters, provide significant new data for constraining and evaluating global chemistry–climate models. Measurements include precursor and product gas species of reactive halogen compounds that impact ozone in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. High-accuracy, in situ measurements of ozone obtained during CONTRAST quantify ozone concentration profiles in the upper troposphere, where previous observations from balloonborne ozonesondes were often near or below the limit of detection. CONTRAST was one of the three coordinated experiments to observe the TWP during January–February 2014. Together, CONTRAST, Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment (ATTREX), and Coordinated Airborne Studies in the Tropics (CAST), using complementary capabilities of the three aircraft platforms as well as ground-based instrumentation, provide a comprehensive quantification of the regional distribution and vertical structure of natural and pollutant trace gases in the TWP during NH winter, from the oceanic boundary to the lower stratosphere.

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