Resin acids. XXIII. Oxidation of levopimaric acid with potassium permanganate and osmium tetroxide

1972 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1400-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner. Herz ◽  
R. C. Ligon
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Levopimaric Acid

scholarly journals Potassium permanganate is an excellent alternative to osmium tetroxide in freeze-substitution

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schauflinger ◽  
Tim Bergner ◽  
Gregor Neusser ◽  
Christine Kranz ◽  
Clarissa Read
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Freeze Substitution ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Block Face ◽  
Critical Aspects

AbstractHigh-pressure freezing followed by freeze-substitution is a valuable method for ultrastructural analyses of resin-embedded biological samples. The visualization of lipid membranes is one of the most critical aspects of any ultrastructural study and can be especially challenging in high-pressure frozen specimens. Historically, osmium tetroxide has been the preferred fixative and staining agent for lipid-containing structures in freeze-substitution solutions. However, osmium tetroxide is not only a rare and expensive material, but also volatile and toxic. Here, we introduce the use of a combination of potassium permanganate, uranyl acetate, and water in acetone as complementing reagents during the freeze-substitution process. This mix imparts an intense en bloc stain to cellular ultrastructure and membranes, which makes poststaining superfluous and is well suited for block-face imaging. Thus, potassium permanganate can effectively replace osmium tetroxide in the freeze-substitution solution without sacrificing the quality of ultrastructural preservation.

On the variability of spherosome-like bodies in Phaseolus vulgaris

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1477-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Mishra ◽  
J. Ross Colvin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Marked Variation ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Shoot Apices ◽  
Distribution Shape ◽  
Physiological Heterogeneity

Root and shoot apices and primary leaves of 3- to 4-day-old seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were examined in the electron microscope after fixation with (a) glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide, (b) glutaraldehyde followed by potassium permanganate, (c) osmium tetroxide alone, and (d) potassium permanganate alone. The distribution, shape, and substructure of the spherosome-like bodies in the cytoplasm varied markedly depending upon the tissue, its age, and the fixation used. Shapes varied from stellate through polygonal to spherical. The electron density of the interior of the organelles varied from uniformly dark after osmium tetroxide fixation to almost none after permanganate fixation. In addition to differences caused by fixatives, marked variation of the electron density of the same organelles with identical fixation was observed. Structural, and possibly physiological, heterogeneity seems to be characteristic of spherosomes but in spite of their variability, they may be recognized in the electron microscope as a group of similar structures distinct from other organelles.

Resin acids. XX. Structure of levopimaric acid dioxide

1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 3338-3342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner. Herz ◽  
Robert C. Ligon ◽  
Hideo. Kanno ◽  
Walter H. Schuller ◽  
Ray V. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Resin Acids ◽  
Levopimaric Acid

Fine structure of the septal pore apparatus in Polyporus tomentosus, Poria latemarginata, and Rhizoctonia solani

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 2559-2564 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Setliff ◽  
W. L. MacDonald ◽  
R. F. Patton
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Cross Wall ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Pore Mouth ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Fibrillar Network

The septal pore apparatus was studied in Poria latemarginata, Polyporus tomentosus, and Rhizoctonia solani. Fixation by potassium permanganate was compared with fixation by glutaraldehyde – osmium tetroxide. Potassium permanganate reduced the size of the septal swelling about 50% and destroyed much of the internal integrity of the septal swelling. In glutaraldehyde – osmium tetroxide fixed material, a fibrillar network extended from the cross wall throughout the septal swelling. Except for this network, the septal swelling was electron transparent and similar in appearance to a vacuole. A rim of electronopaque material, attached to the septal swelling, surrounded the pore mouth in Polyporus tomentosus and Rhizoctonia solani.

Metabolites of the honey mushroom, Armillariamellea

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Ayer ◽  
John B. Macaulay
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Isopimaric Acid ◽  
Levopimaric Acid ◽  
Sandaracopimaric Acid

The fungus Armillariamellea (Vahl ex. Fr.) Kummer is responsible for severe losses in timber and fruit production. The metabolites isolated when certain strains of this fungus are grown in liquid culture have been identified as diterpenoid acids possessing the abietane (1) and pimarane (2) skeletons. These compounds, known collectively as resin acids, have not been reported previously from a fungal source. In addition to the resin acids dehydroabietic acid (3), pimaric acid (4), isopimaric acid (5), and sandaracopimaric acid (6), three additional acids, levopimaric acid endo-peroxide (7), 7-oxodehydroabietic acid (9), and 7-oxo-15-hydroxydehydroabietic acid (10) were obtained. On one occasion three orange pigments, austocystin F (11), averufin (12), and averufanin (13), all previously known fungal metabolites, were isolated.

An Electron Microscopical Study of Isolated Mitochondrial Membranes Treated with Osmium Tetroxide, Potassium Permanganate, and Formaldehyde

1964 ◽  
Vol s3-105 (71) ◽  
pp. 319-323
Author(s):  
K. DEUTSCH ◽  
W. KRAUSE ◽  
S. ROSENTHAL
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Microscopical Study ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Electron Microscopical Study ◽  
Mitochondrial Membranes ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Isolated Mitochondria ◽  
Electron Microscopical

An investigation of isolated mitochondrial membranes, fixed with osmium tetroxide, potassium permanganate, or formaldehyde, shows that a great number of small particles are attached to their surfaces. Sections of specimens fixed in potassium permanganate or osmium tetroxide appear to confirm these findings. An attempt has been made to compare these particles with the ‘elementary particles’ described by Fernández-Morán and by Green, and also with particles revealed by negative staining of mitochondrial membranes, as reported by Stoeckenius. Specimens fixed with formaldehyde, whether isolated mitochondria or material fixed in bulk, show very poor contrast in electron micrographs.

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