Processing damage to lysine and other amino acids in the manufacture of blood meal

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Waibel ◽  
Margita Cuperlovic ◽  
Richard F. Hurrell ◽  
Kenneth J. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Meal

scholarly journals 17 Challenges and implications of feeding diets with excess concentrations of leucine to growing-finishing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 16-16
Author(s):  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Henrique S Cemin ◽  
Hayden R Kerkaert ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Intact Protein ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Branched Chain

Abstract Excess dietary leucine stimulates the key enzymes involved in branched-chain catabolism causing breakdown of all branched-chain amino acids, including isoleucine and valine. Branched-chain amino acids share a common brain transporter with other large neutral amino acids (LNAA). Excess levels of one of the LNAA increases brain uptake of that amino acid and decreases the uptake of the other LNAA, including tryptophan. Thus, excess leucine can impact the requirements for many amino acids. From a practical basis, this effect was first demonstrated with diets containing blood meal, but was thought to be of limited concern unless high blood meal diets were fed. Use of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) or high protein DDGS in corn-based diets results in diets containing excess leucine. These high leucine levels are of limited concern if adequate levels of other branched-chain amino acids and LNAA are fed, which is often the case if the diet consists largely of intact protein sources. Feed grade amino acids, such as L-lysine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, DL-methionine, L-valine, and L-isoleucine have been widely adopted as a means to lower nitrogen excretion and diet cost. Including these amino acids in diets containing corn products reduces dietary leucine; but the resulting diets are formulated near the requirement for the first 6 limiting amino acids, including valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan, while still being high in leucine. The excess leucine increases the requirements for valine, isoleucine, and possibly other LNAA, such as tryptophan and possibly others. The exact relationship between these amino acids and how to handle them in practical diet formulation is still being elucidated; however, recent meta-analysis and experimental data confirm the importance of these ratios and provide useful direction for future research.

The effects of partial neutralization with sodium bicarbonate or ammonia and the feeding of blood meal on the voluntary intake of a whole-crop barley silage by sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Wllkins
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Partial Neutralization ◽  
Barley Silage

SUMMARYSilage made from a whole crop of barley was offered to sheep without neutralization or after partial neutralization to pH 5·4 to 5·5 with sodium bicarbonate or ammonia. In a further treatment the un-neutralized silage was supplemented with blood meal administered each day as a drench. Total organic-matter intake and nitrogen retention were significantly higher for the sheep receiving the blood meal supplement than for any of the other treatments, which did not differ significantly one from another. It is suggested that the intake of the un-supplemented silage was limited by a low uptake of amino acids from the intestine.

67. The Nutritive Value of Proteins for Milk Production. II. A Comparison of the Proteins of Blood Meal, Pea Meal, Decorticated Earth-Nut Cake, and a Mixture of Decorticated Earth-Nut Cake and Flaked Maize

1933 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Morris ◽  
Norman C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Food Protein

The results of the present experiments and of those reported in the previous paper(1) may be summarised as follows:1. When minimal quantities of protein are fed in the production rations of milking cows, a deficiency of either lysine or tryptophane will lead to a marked reduction in milk yield. There is, however, some evidence of the storage of reserve N, which can be utilised when the food protein is inadequate.2. The feeding of a lysine- or tryptophane-deficient ration causes a marked increase in urinary N, indicating a poor utilisation of food protein. On the other hand, the feeding of a ration containing adequate quantities of these essential amino acids reduces the urinary N, indicating efficient protein utilisation.3. The utilisation of body tissue in an attempt to maintain normal milk production on a deficient protein ration is shown by the high creatine excretion. The fact that the S: N ratio of the excess sulphur and nitrogen excreted during the deficient protein periods approximates that of body tissue (circa 1: 15·7) confirms this conclusion.

scholarly journals On the use of inhibitors of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase as a vector-selective insecticide in the control of mosquitoes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon A. V. Ramirez ◽  
Marcos Sterkel ◽  
Ademir de Jesus Martins ◽  
José Bento Pereira Lima ◽  
Pedro L. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Single Meal ◽  
Neurotoxic Insecticides

AbstractBlood-sucking insects incorporate many times their body weight of blood in a single meal. As proteins are the major component of vertebrate blood, its digestion in the gut of hematophagous insects generates extremely high concentrations of free amino acids. Previous reports showed that the tyrosine degradation pathway plays an essential role in adapting these animals to blood feeding. Inhibiting 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), the rate-limiting step of tyrosine degradation, results in the death of insects after a blood meal. Therefore, it was suggested that compounds that block the catabolism of tyrosine could act selectively on blood-feeding insects. Here we have evaluated the toxicity against mosquitoes of three HPPD inhibitors currently used as herbicides and in human health. Among the compounds tested, nitisinone (NTBC) proved to be more potent than mesotrione (MES) and isoxaflutole (IFT) in Aedes aegypti. NTBC was lethal to Ae. aegypti in artificial feeding assays (LD50: 4.36 µM), as well as in topical application (LD50: 0.0033 nmol/mosquito). NTBC was also lethal to Ae. aegypti populations that were resistant to neurotoxic insecticides, and it was lethal to other mosquito species (Anopheles and Culex). Therefore, HPPD inhibitors, particularly NTBC, represent promising new drugs for mosquito control. Since they only affect blood-feeding organisms, they would represent a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to conventional neurotoxic insecticides.Author SummaryThe control of mosquitoes has been pursued in the last decades by the use of neurotoxic insecticides to prevent the spreading of dengue, zika and malaria, among other diseases. However, the selection and propagation of different mechanisms of resistance hinder the success of these compounds. New methodologies are needed for their control. Hematophagous arthropods, including mosquitoes, ingest quantities of blood that represent many times their body weight in a single meal, releasing huge amounts of amino acids during digestion. Recent studies showed that inhibition of the tyrosine catabolism pathway could be a new selective target for vector control. Thus we tested three different inhibitors of the second enzyme in the tyrosine degradation pathway as tools for mosquito control. Results showed that Nitisinone (NTBC), an inhibitor used in medicine, was the most potent of them. NTBC was lethal to Aedes aegypti when it was administered together with the blood meal and when it was topically applied. It also caused the death of Anopheles aquasalis and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, as well as field-collected Aedes populations resistant to neurotoxic insecticides, indicating that there is no cross-resistance. We discuss the possible use of NTBC as a new insecticide.

THE DIGESTIVE PROCESSES OF HAEMATOPHAGOUS INSECTS: IV. SECRETION OF TRYPSIN BY AEDES AEGYPTI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Tissue Culture Medium ◽  
Trypsin Activity ◽  
Chymotrypsin Activity ◽  
Digestive Processes

AbstractThere is a correlation between the amount of blood ingested by Aedes aegypti (L.) and the trypsin activity (but not the chymotrypsin activity) in the midgut 16 and 24 hr after feeding. Puromycin and Dactinomycin ingested with a blood meal depress the level of midgut trypsin. Trypsin purified from the midguts of A. aegypti fed upon defibrinated blood containing 14C-amino acids contains radioactivity. Midguts from blood-fed mosquitoes did not produce significant amounts of trypsin when dissected from mosquitoes and maintained in a tissue culture medium for up to 50 hr.

Modifying duodenal flow of amino acids by manipulation of dietary protein sources

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Acid Protein ◽  
Corn Gluten

Four multiparous Holstein dairy cows in mid-lactation were utilized in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to measure the response in intestinal amino acid profiles to progressive substitution of blood meal for corn gluten meal as the protein supplement. In addition, the influence of these protein sources on rumen fermentation and digestion as well as forestomach bacterial growth and escape were compared with a diet supplemented with soybean meal, a rapidly rumen-degraded protein source. Cows were offered a mixed silage ration of alfalfa silage (79.8% of DM) and corn silage (20.2% of DM) twice daily. Cows were also offered mixed concentrate at 123% (DM:DM) of the mixed silage ration in six equal meals per day to provide soybean meal, corn gluten meal, blood meal or a combination of the latter two sources as the primary supplemental protein source. Rumen soluble non-ammonia N concentrations were higher in cows fed soybean meal and declined linearly as blood meal substituted for corn gluten meal in the concentrate. Forestomach disappearance of N tended (P = 0.09) to be higher for the cows fed soybean meal vs. all other diets, and tended (P = 0.09) to be higher with the combined corn gluten meal and blood meal diet vs. the diets containing either alone. The latter is consistent with higher forestomach digestion of DM and OM in cows fed the combined diet. Rumen pool sizes of most DM components were lower when cows were fed soybean meal and, with the exception of N pools, increased linearly as blood meal substituted for corn gluten meal. Duodenal flow of amino acid protein was lower when cows were fed soybean meal, due mainly to reduced bacterial flow, and was lowest for the combined diet within the corn gluten meal and blood meal diets. The amino acid profile of duodenal protein differed for 12 of 17 amino acids examined when cows were fed the soybean meal diet vs. the other diets, and 12 of 17 amino acids either increased or decreased linearly as blood meal substituted for corn gluten meal. Data reported here and by previous researchers suggest an associative effect of addition of corn gluten meal and blood meal to the diet which increased rumen degradation of dietary protein. These data also show that manipulating the dietary source of supplemental protein can influence the amino acid profile of duodenally delivered amino acid protein as well as indicate that the rate of rumen degradation of individual amino acids differs among protein sources. In this study, methionine, cystine and histidine appeared to be more rapidly degraded in corn gluten meal than in blood meal, whereas glutamic acid, proline, isoleucine, threonine and lysine were more rapidly degraded in blood meal. Key words: Dairy cow, rumen bacteria, amino acid

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