Alternative Method for the Quantification by Gas Chromatography Triacylglycerol Class Analysis of Cocoa Butter Equivalent Added to Chocolate Bars

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 2770-2775 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Guyon ◽  
Sarah Destouesse ◽  
Joëlle Moustirats ◽  
Maryse Esclapez ◽  
Marie-Hélène Salagoity ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Cocoa Butter Equivalent ◽  
Class Analysis ◽  
Alternative Method

scholarly journals Detection and Quantification of Cocoa Butter Equivalents in Cocoa Butter and Plain Chocolate by Gas Liquid Chromatography of Triacylglycerols

2004 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 1153-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Buchgraber ◽  
Chiara Senaldi ◽  
Franz Ulberth ◽  
Elke Anklam
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Cocoa Butter Equivalent ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Cocoa Butter Equivalents ◽  
Detection And Quantification

Abstract The development and in-house testing of a method for the detection and quantification of cocoa butter equivalents in cocoa butter and plain chocolate is described. A database consisting of the triacylglycerol profile of 74 genuine cocoa butter and 75 cocoa butter equivalent samples obtained by high-resolution capillary gas liquid chromatography was created, using a certified cocoa butter reference material (IRMM-801) for calibration purposes. Based on these data, a large number of cocoa butter/cocoa butter equivalent mixtures were arithmetically simulated. By subjecting the data set to various statistical tools, reliable models for both detection (univariate regression model) and quantification (multivariate model) were elaborated. Validation data sets consisting of a large number of samples (n = 4050 for detection, n = 1050 for quantification) were used to test the models. Excluding pure illipé fat samples from the data set, the detection limit was determined between 1 and 3% foreign fat in cocoa butter. Recalculated for a chocolate with a fat content of 30%, these figures are equal to 0.3–0.9% cocoa butter equivalent. For quantification, the average error for prediction was estimated to be 1.1% cocoa butter equivalent in cocoa butter, without prior knowledge of the materials used in the blend corresponding to 0.3% in chocolate (fat content 30%). The advantage of the approach is that by using IRMM-801 for calibration, the established mathematical decision rules can be transferred to every testing laboratory.

OPTIMIZATION OF COCOA BUTTER EQUIVALENT PRODUCTION FROM FORMULATED HARD PALM OIL MID-FRACTION AND CANOLA OIL BLENDS

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (6-12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reiza Mutia ◽  
Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel ◽  
Ida Idayu Muhamad
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Cocoa Butter Equivalent ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

The study to find cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) as an alternative to cocoa butter (CB) from available and low cost commercial oils or fats has been increased recently. Current study investigates the blending of hard palm oil mid-fraction (PMF) with canola oil to produce high nutritional CBE using immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. The experiments were designed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimize the percentage of saturated-unsaturated-saturated (StUSt) triacylglycerols (TAGs). The experiment was performed at hard PMF concentration of 50 to 90% (w/w), lipozyme load between 5% and 10% (based on the weight of substrate) with a reaction time between 2 to 14 hours. The best reaction conditions to attain this target was 89.35% (w/w) of hard PMF concentration, 2 hours of reaction time, and 5% (based on the weight of substrate) of lipozyme load, resulting CBE which contains 64.44±1.18% of StUSt. The addition of canola oil improved the nutritional value of CBE which was marked by the higher percentage of linoleic acid (omega-6, 4.53±0.06%) and linolenic acid (omega-3, 0.74±0.14%) in CBE than CB (omega-6, 2.68±0.34%). Enzymatic interesterification was not altering fatty acid content in the CBE, especially linoleic acid (omega-6) and linolenic acid (omega-3) which was characterized by no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the fatty acid profile of initial mixture (before interesterification) and CBE (after interesterification).

scholarly journals Effect of cocoa butter equivalent on cocoa butter crystallization behavior and on dark chocolate

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Thais Lomonaco Teodoro Da Silva ◽  
Renato Grimaldi ◽  
Lireny Aparecida Guaraldo Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Crystallization Behavior ◽  
Dark Chocolate ◽  
Cocoa Butter Equivalent ◽  
Cocoa Butter Crystallization

Enhancing near infrared spectroscopy models to identify omega-3 fish oils used in the nutraceutical industry by means of calibration range extension

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanette van der Merwe ◽  
Marena Manley ◽  
Merrill Wicht
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Fish Oils ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Alternative Method

The high demand for omega-3 fish oil nutraceuticals (dietary supplements) is due to the numerous health benefits contributed by the polyunsaturated fatty acids. The nutraceutical industry is required to follow good manufacturing practice standards in order to ensure label claims and prevent adulteration. It is vital that the quality control procedures will be able to detect adulterated products. It is thus necessary to ensure that the analytical techniques are adequate by using validated methods. The qualification or identification of natural fish oils is a difficult task due to overlapping concentration ranges of polyunsaturated fatty acids and other similar properties. Gas chromatography is the prescribed technique in the nutraceutical industry for analysis of omega-3 fatty acids, but it is time-consuming and costly. Near infrared spectroscopy is a rapid and cost-effective technique which can replace the prescribed method if it is proven to be equivalent, through validation, to the criteria as prescribed by the pharmacopoeias and other industry guidelines. In this study, near infrared spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics was considered as an alternative method to gas chromatography to identify various commercial fish oils and to quantify the polyunsaturated fatty acids. Identification methods were developed for nine commercial omega-3 fish oils by using spectral libraries. Quantitative near infrared methods were developed for arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in fish oils expressed as mg.g−1 as well as % area using partial least squares regression and independent validation by superimposing datasets with mutual properties. Based on the statistics in terms of standard error of calibration, R2, standard error of prediction and r of the polyunsaturated fatty acid models, the near infrared method was equivalent to the prescribed gas chromatography methods, and precision results obtained were also within the prescribed criteria. Near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics can be used for conclusive identification and quantification of omega-3 fish oils, thereby minimizing the risk of adulteration. The method also complied with the prescribed pharmaceutical method validation criteria, and therefore was proven as an alternative method to gas chromatography for the nutraceutical industry.

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