OPTIMIZATION OF COCOA BUTTER EQUIVALENT PRODUCTION FROM FORMULATED HARD PALM OIL MID-FRACTION AND CANOLA OIL BLENDS

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (6-12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reiza Mutia ◽  
Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel ◽  
Ida Idayu Muhamad
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Cocoa Butter Equivalent ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

The study to find cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) as an alternative to cocoa butter (CB) from available and low cost commercial oils or fats has been increased recently. Current study investigates the blending of hard palm oil mid-fraction (PMF) with canola oil to produce high nutritional CBE using immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. The experiments were designed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimize the percentage of saturated-unsaturated-saturated (StUSt) triacylglycerols (TAGs). The experiment was performed at hard PMF concentration of 50 to 90% (w/w), lipozyme load between 5% and 10% (based on the weight of substrate) with a reaction time between 2 to 14 hours. The best reaction conditions to attain this target was 89.35% (w/w) of hard PMF concentration, 2 hours of reaction time, and 5% (based on the weight of substrate) of lipozyme load, resulting CBE which contains 64.44±1.18% of StUSt. The addition of canola oil improved the nutritional value of CBE which was marked by the higher percentage of linoleic acid (omega-6, 4.53±0.06%) and linolenic acid (omega-3, 0.74±0.14%) in CBE than CB (omega-6, 2.68±0.34%). Enzymatic interesterification was not altering fatty acid content in the CBE, especially linoleic acid (omega-6) and linolenic acid (omega-3) which was characterized by no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the fatty acid profile of initial mixture (before interesterification) and CBE (after interesterification).

Synthesis of Cocoa Butter Equivalent from Formulated Hard Palm Oil Mid-Fraction and Canola Oil Blends

2015 ◽  
Vol 1113 ◽  
pp. 453-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reiza Mutia ◽  
Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel ◽  
Ida Idayu Muhamad
Keyword(s):  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Initial Mixture ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Cocoa Butter Equivalent ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Slip Melting Point ◽  
Omega 6

Cocoa butter (CB) is an important major constituent of chocolate and other confectionary products. Several factors such as premium price, uncertainty in supply and variability in quality, have led the search for an alternative such as cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) from available and cheap commercial oils or fats. The aim of this research was to produce CBEs which contain omega-3 and omega-6 by blending hard palm oil mid-fraction (PMF) with canola oil. The reaction was performed by using Lipozyme RM IM as the biocatalyst. It aims to retain omega-3 and omega-6 content in CBE after interesterification. The effect of lipase load (LL), time reaction (TR) and stearic acid (ST) on CBE properties were studied to produce nearly similar CBE properties to CB. The best reaction conditions for maximizing POS (palmitic-oleic-stearic), SOS (stearic-oleic-stearic), and SMP (slip melting point) value while minimizing POP (palmitic-oleic-palmitic) and the levels of diacylglycerol (DAG) formation were; LL, 7.5% (w/w); TR, 8 hours; ST, with 44% stearic acid addition. Omega-3 (5.35%) and omega-6 (1.97%) content in CBE (after interesterification) were not significantly different (p > 0.05) to omega-3 (5.71%) and omega-6 (2.16%) content in initial mixture (before interesterification). The properties of CBE which include POP, POS, SOS, DAG and SMP values were 30.33%, 17.53%, 3.26%, 6.75%, and 46.45°C, respectively under these conditions.

Characterization of fatty acids and nutrient composition of SAU Perilla-1 [(Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton] seeds grown with agro climatic conditions in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (02) ◽  
pp. 2307-2314
Author(s):  
M. A. K. Mojumdar ◽  
H. M. M. T. Hossain ◽  
A. F. M. J. Uddin ◽  
Meherunnessa
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Analysis ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Crop Variety

SAU Perilla-1 (Golden perilla BD) is a newly edible oil seed crop variety introduced by Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University in Bangladesh. Its seed oil is a rich source of unsaturated fatty acid (91%), of which more than 50% is α-linolenic acid (type of omega-3 fatty acid). The estimated ratio of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids was found 1: 2.26: 8.95. Moreover, the α-linolenic acid was detected (50.52%) as the most dominating polyunsaturated fatty acid, which was 4-four times higher than monounsaturated fatty acids in the oil of the crop variety. Fatty acid analysis of oil revealed a ratio (1:2.22) of Omega 6 to Omega 3 fatty acids, which lies within a healthy range as documented by the global scientific community. Compared to other plant seed oils, SAU Perilla-1 oil consists of Linoleic acid (Omega 6 fatty acid, 22.71%) – a component associated with obesity, which is far below the regular oils from soybean, sunflower and corn. Therefore, our findings indicated that SAU Perilla-1 seed is one of the best edible sources of plant oils rich in essential fatty acids conducive to human health.

scholarly journals Fatty Acid Profiles of Western Canadian Bison (Bison bison) Meat

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler D. Turner ◽  
Jessica L. Pilfold ◽  
Jessica Jensen ◽  
Dipesh Prema ◽  
Kingsley K. Donkor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Bison Bison ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Total N ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Biohydrogenation Intermediates

<p>Western Canadian bison meat is renowned for its natural healthfulness; however, studies on the dietary effects on the fatty acid (FA) profile are limited. Herein, we evaluated the FA profiles of retail bison (<em>longissimus dorsi</em>) representing grain-fed (Grain), grass-fed (Grass) and grass-fed plus oat and pea screening supplement from early (Early-con) or late (Late-con) season harvested finishing regimes. Bison meat contained less than 30 mg fat/g meat, and was lowest for Early-con bison. Proportions of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were greatest in Early-con and lowest for Late-con bison. Early-con bison had the greatest proportion of omega-6 (n-6) FA and Late-con bison the lowest, yet as mg/g meat, total n-6 content did not differ. In contrast, Grass and Early-con bison had greater proportions of 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, 22:6n-3 and total omega-3 (n-3) FA. The n-3 content for Grain, Grass, Early-con and Late-con bison were 38, 90, 69 and 69 mg/100 g meat, respectively. The 3:1 n-6/n-3 ratios of Grass, Early-con and Late-con bison were superior to the 7:1 ratio of Grain bison. Proportions of potentially beneficial biohydrogenation intermediates (BI), including <em>t</em>11-18:1 and <em>c</em>9, <em>t</em>11-conjugated linoleic acid, were greater for Early-con and Late-con bison. Proportions of <em>cis</em>-monounsaturated FA were similar for both Grain and Grass bison; however, Late-con was greater than Early-con bison. Cumulatively, Grass, Early-con and Late-con bison were more desirable compared to Grain on account of greater proportions of n-3 FA and a lower n-6/n-3 ratio. Furthermore, seasonal supplementation enhanced the BI proportions with potential beneficial bioactivity in Early-con and Late-con bison.</p>

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of γ-Linolenic Acid from Spirulina platensis

2015 ◽  
Vol 764-765 ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
Yao Ching Hsueh ◽  
Zer Ran Yu ◽  
Cheng Chi Wang ◽  
Malcolm Koo ◽  
Be Jen Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Extraction Parameters ◽  
Made In

Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis contains large quantities of γ-linolenic acid (GLA). GLA is an essential omega-6 unsaturated fatty acid made in the human body from linoleic acid. It can be metabolized to various important eicosanoids such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, prostacyclins, and lipoxins. The aim of this study was to investigate the optimal extraction parameters of GLA from A. platensis using supercritical CO2 technology. Results showed that operating temperatures and pressures were important factors in the extraction of GLA. A maximum GLA yield of 161.98 μg/g could be obtained at a pressure of 30 MPa, a temperature of 60°C, and a CO2 flow rate of 6 mL/min. Conversely, only a yield of 104.16 μg/g could be obtained at a pressure of 10 MPa, a temperature of 40°C, and a CO2 flow rate of 6 mL/min. The correlation between pressure and yield could be explained by an increase in collision rates between CO2 molecules and carrier affinity under a high pressure. Therefore, an operating temperature between 50 and 60°C and a pressure of 30 MPa should be used to maximize the yield of GLA from A. platensis using supercritical CO2 technology.

scholarly journals Domestic chicken omega 3 – a product for promoting human health

2021 ◽  
Vol 854 (1) ◽  
pp. 012081
Author(s):  
Dragan Sefer ◽  
Stamen Radulovic ◽  
Dejan Peric ◽  
Matija Sefer ◽  
Lazar Makivic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Omega 6

Abstract Literature data show that the relationship between two groups of polyunsaturated fatty acids in diet, omega 3 acids, whose basic representative is a-linolenic acid (C18: 3 n-3), and omega 6 acids, whose basic representative is linoleic acid (C18: 2 n-6), has a significant role in development of cardiovascular diseases in humans. The optimal ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acids is around 4:1. In monogastric animals, the fatty acids in feed are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract largely unchanged. This means the fatty acid profile of the animal’s diet directly reflects the fatty acid profile of the tissue. The daily intake of unsaturated fatty acids can be increased by an adequate animal nutrition strategy. Flaxseed contains ten times more unsaturated (32.26%) than saturated (3.66%) fatty acids. The largest amount of unsaturated fatty acids (about 70%) is a-linolenic acid (ALA), which is a precursor of the entire omega 3 series of fatty acids, and which makes flaxseed an ideal raw material for the production of a wide range of omega 3 enriched products. In order to obtain chicken meat rich in omega 3, an experiment was organized with a specific diet for broilers at fattening. Thanks to the designed animal feed, it was possible to get products (meat, breast, drumstick, liver, subcutaneous fat) with significantly higher amounts of omega 3 fatty acids compared to the same products obtained from broilers fed with conventional mixtures, or with almost the ideal ratio between omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids.

scholarly journals The Concentration of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid in Palm Oil by Urea Complexation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Ardiana Setyawardhani ◽  
Margono Margono ◽  
Ardi Pratama ◽  
Fermanditya Petratama
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Urea Complexation ◽  
Omega Fatty Acid ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid

<p>Linoleic acid is a Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) that corresponds to Omega 6 Fatty Acid. This is the major component of vegetable oil and very important for health. As an essential fatty acid, linoleic acid has to be obtained from foods. Consumption of omega fatty acid in the form of concentrate has more benefit than the whole oil. Fulfilling this requirement, effective method to separate PUFAs from vegetable oils is needed. One of the favorable methods is urea complexation. Palm oil was used as the fatty acids resource due to its potential feedstock in Indonesia. This aim of this research is to study the effect of urea, ethanol and free fatty acid (FFA) ratios during complexation of palm oil. This research was developed in three steps, 1) free fatty acid preparation from palm oil (saponification process), 2) crystallization of the fatty acids mixture and 3) filtration for separating the unsaturated fatty acid. Concentrated linoleic acid is obtained in the liquid phase, while the saturated fatty acid is obtained in the solid. This research resulted that the concentration of PUFA was increasing as the ratio of urea, FFA and ethanol increases.</p>

scholarly journals PENGARUH WAKTU REAKSI DAN RASIO MOL ASAM LINOLEAT DENGAN ISOPROPANOL PADA SINTESA PLASTISIZER ISOPROPIL LINOLEAT

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Nirwana ◽  
Irdoni HS ◽  
Joni Miharyono
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Zeolite Catalyst ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Additive Compound

Diversity of palm oil product in Indonesia is still limited, therefore it is needed to take an advantage of the development of downstream product of crude palm oil by esterification reaction. Esterification reaction is a reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol to form ester. One of the emerging downstream product fatty acid alkyl ester is plasticizer. Plasticizer is an additive compound added to polymer to improve flexibility and workability. The purpose of this research was conducted to study the effect of reaction time and mole ratio and identify product of plasticizers isopropyl linoleic. In this research, plasticizer was synthesized by esterification of linoleic acid and isopropanol, using activated natural zeolite catalyst. The process was done with a variation of reaction time (4, 6, and 8 hours) and mole ratio (1: 6, 1: 9, and 1:12), with reaction temperature at  80 °C,  stirring speed at 200 rpm and 15% of composition of linoleic acid based catalyst as fixed variables. From the analysis of the results showed that the esterification reaction time and mole ratio affect the product conversion. The best operating condition obtained  in this research was 4 hours of reaction time and 1:12 of mole ratio which resulted the conversion of reaction was 67.09%. Characteristics of plasticizer produced from this research were viscosity (at 20 °C) 2.405 to 2.803 mPa.s and Specific Gravity (at 20 °C) from 0.863 to 0.872.

scholarly journals Oxidised metabolites of the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid activate dFOXO

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. e201900356
Author(s):  
So Yeon Kwon ◽  
Karen Massey ◽  
Mark A Watson ◽  
Tayab Hussain ◽  
Giacomo Volpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Lipid Mediator ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

Obesity-induced inflammation, or meta-inflammation, plays key roles in metabolic syndrome and is a significant risk factor in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. To investigate causal links between obesity, meta-inflammation, and insulin signaling we established a Drosophila model to determine how elevated dietary fat and changes in the levels and balance of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) influence inflammation. We observe negligible effect of saturated fatty acid on inflammation but marked enhancement or suppression by omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs, respectively. Using combined lipidomic and genetic analysis, we show omega-6 PUFA enhances meta-inflammation by producing linoleic acid–derived lipid mediator 9-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid (9-HODE). Transcriptome analysis reveals 9-HODE functions by regulating FOXO family transcription factors. We show 9-HODE activates JNK, triggering FOXO nuclear localisation and chromatin binding. FOXO TFs are important transducers of the insulin signaling pathway that are normally down-regulated by insulin. By activating FOXO, 9-HODE could antagonise insulin signaling providing a molecular conduit linking changes in dietary fatty acid balance, meta-inflammation, and insulin resistance.

An Assessment of Source of Supplemental Dietary Fat During Early Gestation on Fetal Survival and Fetal Measurements in Swine

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 130-130
Author(s):  
M.D. Lindemann ◽  
A.P. Rigau ◽  
E.T. Kornegay ◽  
A.F. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Docosahexanoic Acid ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Early Gestation ◽  
Fetal Survival ◽  
Significant Difference

The greatest loss in litter size occurs prior to farrowing. That loss is the embryonic or fetal death loss; this is normally 25-40% of the number of eggs ovulated in swine. Recently a report from Canada (Fengler et al., 1990) demonstrated an improvement in embryo survival of about 14% with the dietary supplementation of oils in early gestation. The Canadian research supplemented the diet at a rate of 4% with either safflower oil or olive oil. The assumption tested and discussed was related to the role of linoleic acid (C 18:2w6) in swine diets. Linoleic acid is thought to be the only essential fatty acid needed by swine and it can be found in large amounts in many fats and oils.Interestingly, in the analysis of the fatty acid composition of the embryos, the only significant difference in the embryonic fatty acid content was an increase in the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexanoic acid (C 22:6w3) in embryos from those sows fed diets supplemented with oil. Docosahexanoic acid is not found in plant oils; however, through a series of metabolic reactions swine can manufacture this fatty acid from another fatty acid - linolenic acid (C 18:3w3). There are three good sources of linolenic acid from plant origin; those sources are linseed oil (from flax), canola oil (from rapeseed or canola) and soyabean oil. The positive results which they observed then may have been due to trace amounts of linolenic acid in the oils which they evaluated.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document