Salt-induced Medium Effects. II. Kinetic Salt Effects in the Solvolysis of Neophyl p-Toluenesulfonate and in the Racemization of L-(+)-threo-3-Phenyl-2-butyl p-Toluenesulfonate in 50 Wt.% Dioxane-Water1a

1960 ◽  
Vol 82 (21) ◽  
pp. 5654-5660 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. J. Duynstee ◽  
Ernest Grunwald ◽  
Martin L. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Medium Effects ◽  
Salt Effects

Salt Effects and Medium Effects on Indicator Acid-Base Equilibria in a Methanol-Water Solvent

1964 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald. Rosenthal ◽  
Hannah B. Hetzer ◽  
Roger G. Bates
Keyword(s):  
Medium Effects ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Salt Effects ◽  
Water Solvent

Gender Differences in the Mental Rotations Test (MRT) Are Not Due to Task Complexity

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Titze ◽  
Martin Heil ◽  
Petra Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Medium Effects ◽  
Performance Factors ◽  
Mental Rotations ◽  
Sufficient Power ◽  
Forced Choice Tasks ◽  
Choice Tasks

Gender differences are one of the main topics in mental rotation research. This paper focuses on the influence of the performance factor task complexity by using two versions of the Mental Rotations Test (MRT). Some 300 participants completed the test without time constraints, either in the regular version or with a complexity reducing template creating successive two-alternative forced-choice tasks. Results showed that the complexity manipulation did not affect the gender differences at all. These results were supported by a sufficient power to detect medium effects. Although performance factors seem to play a role in solving mental rotation problems, we conclude that the variation of task complexity as realized in the present study did not.

Kinetic salt effects in the hydrolysis of ethyl malonate, methyl glutarate and ethyl adipate semiesters

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 2781-2785 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Martín Herrera ◽  
J. J. Maraver Puig ◽  
F. Sánchez Burgos
Keyword(s):  
Salt Effect ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Salt Effects ◽  
Coulombic Interaction ◽  
Hydroxide Ion ◽  
Ethyl Malonate ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A study is made on the kinetic salt effect on the reaction of hydrolysis of several charged esters in alkaline media. The results are interpreted on the basis of the coulombic interaction, the salting in of hydroxide ion and a third component depending on size of the substrate.

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