The Mechanism of Emulsion Polymerizations. III. Oxygen as a Comonomer in the Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene1

1947 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 2143-2153 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Bovey ◽  
I. M. Kolthoff
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Emulsion Polymerizations

scholarly journals On the Use of Starch in Emulsion Polymerizations

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shidan Cummings ◽  
Yujie Zhang ◽  
Niels Smeets ◽  
Michael Cunningham ◽  
Marc Dubé
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Industrial Research ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Renewable Material ◽  
Emulsion Polymerizations

The substitution of petroleum-based synthetic polymers in latex formulations with sustainable and/or bio-based sources has increasingly been a focus of both academic and industrial research. Emulsion polymerization already provides a more sustainable way to produce polymers for coatings and adhesives, because it is a water-based process. It can be made even more attractive as a green alternative with the addition of starch, a renewable material that has proven to be extremely useful as a filler, stabilizer, property modifier and macromer. This work provides a critical review of attempts to modify and incorporate various types of starch in emulsion polymerizations. This review focusses on the method of initiation, grafting mechanisms, starch feeding strategies and the characterization methods. It provides a needed guide for those looking to modify starch in an emulsion polymerization to achieve a target grafting performance or to incorporate starch in latex formulations for the replacement of synthetic polymers.

Aqueous emulsion polymerizations of methacrylates and styrene via reversible complexation mediated polymerization (RCMP)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijia Mao ◽  
Jit Sarkar ◽  
Bo Peng ◽  
Atsushi Goto
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Living Radical Polymerization ◽  
Aqueous Emulsion ◽  
Poly Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Emulsion Polymerizations

Aqueous emulsion polymerization via reversible complexation mediated living radical polymerization yielded low-dispersity poly(methyl methacrylate)s and polystyrenes.

scholarly journals Surfactant-free emulsion polymerization of vinylidene fluoride mediated by RAFT/MADIX reactive poly(ethylene glycol) polymer chains

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Fuentes Exposito ◽  
Sébastien Norsic ◽  
Thibaut Février ◽  
Pierre-Yves Dugas ◽  
Salima Boutti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Vinylidene Fluoride ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Poly Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Poly Vinylidene Fluoride ◽  
Emulsion Polymerizations ◽  
Poly Ethylene

A robust and straightforward synthesis of surfactant-free poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) latexes is presented using RAFT/MADIX-mediated emulsion polymerization. VDF emulsion polymerizations were conducted in the presence of commercial poly(ethylene glycol) chains...

scholarly journals Synthesis of polymeric janus nanoparticles and their application in surfactant-free emulsion polymerizations

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binh T. T. Pham ◽  
Chris H. Such ◽  
Brian S. Hawkett
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Janus Nanoparticles ◽  
Emulsion Polymerizations

RAFT mediated emulsion polymerization to synthesize Janus nanoparticles and their application to control outcomes in surfactant-free emulsion polymerization.

RAFT in Emulsion Polymerization: What Makes it Different?

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Prescott ◽  
M. J. Ballard ◽  
E. Rizzardo ◽  
R. G. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Surface Coatings ◽  
Water Sensitivity ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
Observed Behaviour ◽  
Emulsion Polymerizations ◽  
Highly Hydrophobic ◽  
Slow Transport

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization techniques have been the focus of a great deal of recent work, particularly in their application to emulsion polymerization, which is the method of choice for implementing most free-radical polymerizations on an industrial scale. RAFT/emulsion polymerizations have considerable technical potential: to 'tailor-make' material properties, to eliminate added surfactant from surface coatings, and so on. However, considerable difficulties have been experienced in using RAFT in emulsion polymerization systems. Here, progress in the application of RAFT techniques to emulsion polymerization is reviewed, summarizing the difficulties that have been experienced and mechanisms that have been postulated to explain the observed behaviour. Possible origins of the difficulties in implementing RAFT in emulsion polymerizations include polymerization in droplets, water sensitivity of some RAFT agents, slow transport of highly hydrophobic RAFT agents across the water phase, and surface activity of some RAFT agents.

scholarly journals Effect of the addition of salt to Pickering emulsion polymerizations using polymeric nanogels as stabilizers

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (48) ◽  
pp. 6600-6608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Lotierzo ◽  
Shane P. Meaney ◽  
Stefan A. F. Bon
Keyword(s):  
Block Copolymer ◽  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Pickering Emulsion ◽  
Pickering Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Block Copolymer Micelles ◽  
Copolymer Micelles ◽  
Emulsion Polymerizations

Nanogels made from crosslinked block copolymer micelles are used as stabilizers in the Pickering emulsion polymerization of styrene.

scholarly journals Synthesis Kinetics of Polymer / Copolymer Latexes via Radical Ring-Opening Emulsion Polymerization of Vinylcyclopropane

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-472
Author(s):  
P. Sarker ◽  
J. R. Ebdon ◽  
S. Rimmer ◽  
M. A. J. Miah ◽  
H. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Phase Transfer ◽  
Butyl Methacrylate ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Radical Ring ◽  
Emulsion Copolymerization ◽  
Emulsion Polymerizations ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Copolymerization Kinetics

Radical emulsion polymerization of 1,1-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-vinylcyclopropane (ECVCP) was examined in the presence of potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator. ECVCP underwent both emulsifier-in emulsion and emulsifier-free emulsion polymerizations to afford the ring-opened polymer in good yields. The copolymerization efficiency of this monomer was also evaluated with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA) as comonomers under the same reaction conditions. The emulsion copolymerization of ECVCP with a relatively hydrophobic monomer, lauryl methacrylate (LMA) was also investigated in presence of ?-cyclodextrin hydrate (?-CD) as a phase transfer agent. Polymerization/copolymerization kinetics, change in particle size and olefin contents were followed during the reaction.

Use of Water as an Internal Standard in the Direct Monitoring of Emulsion Polymerization by Fiber-Optic Raman Spectroscopy

1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 928-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
Thomas J. Vickers ◽  
Charles K. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Bending Mode ◽  
Standard Component ◽  
Emulsion Polymerizations

Direct analysis of the organic phase of an emulsion polymerization is described. Quantification uses the bending mode peak of water, which makes up the bulk of the reaction medium, as an internal standard. Although demonstrated with methyl methacrylate, the process is generally applicable to emulsion polymerizations. It does not require the introduction of an extraneous internal standard component into the reaction mixture.

Effect Factors on the Preparation of Polystyrene Microspheres by Emulsifier-Free Emulsion Polymerization

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 304-307
Author(s):  
Qiao Wang ◽  
Jin Liang Li ◽  
Ai Ping Fu ◽  
Hong Liang Li
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Polystyrene Microspheres ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Effect Factors ◽  
Emulsion Polymerizations ◽  
Polymer Latex

Emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization is a technique derived from conventional emulsion polymerization in which polymerization is carried out in the absence of emulsifiers. This technique is useful for the preparation of polymer colloids with narrow particle size distributions and well defined surface properties. Emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization eliminates the disadvantages of conventional emulsion polymerizations stemming from the use of emulsifiers, e.g. impurities in products caused by residual emulsifier and poor water-resistance of films induced by polymer latex.

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