RAFT in Emulsion Polymerization: What Makes it Different?

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Prescott ◽  
M. J. Ballard ◽  
E. Rizzardo ◽  
R. G. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Surface Coatings ◽  
Water Sensitivity ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
Observed Behaviour ◽  
Emulsion Polymerizations ◽  
Highly Hydrophobic ◽  
Slow Transport

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization techniques have been the focus of a great deal of recent work, particularly in their application to emulsion polymerization, which is the method of choice for implementing most free-radical polymerizations on an industrial scale. RAFT/emulsion polymerizations have considerable technical potential: to 'tailor-make' material properties, to eliminate added surfactant from surface coatings, and so on. However, considerable difficulties have been experienced in using RAFT in emulsion polymerization systems. Here, progress in the application of RAFT techniques to emulsion polymerization is reviewed, summarizing the difficulties that have been experienced and mechanisms that have been postulated to explain the observed behaviour. Possible origins of the difficulties in implementing RAFT in emulsion polymerizations include polymerization in droplets, water sensitivity of some RAFT agents, slow transport of highly hydrophobic RAFT agents across the water phase, and surface activity of some RAFT agents.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Poly(3-vinylpyridine)-Block-Polystyrene Diblock Copolymers via Surfactant-Free RAFT Emulsion Polymerization

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Nieswandt ◽  
Prokopios Georgopanos ◽  
Clarissa Abetz ◽  
Volkan Filiz ◽  
Volker Abetz
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Diblock Copolymers ◽  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Monomer Conversion ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Reversible Addition

In this work, we present a novel synthetic route to diblock copolymers based on styrene and 3-vinylpyridine monomers. Surfactant-free water-based reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of the macroRAFT agent poly(3-vinylpyridine) (P3VP) is used to synthesize diblock copolymers with molecular weights of around 60 kDa. The proposed mechanism for the poly(3-vinylpyridine)-block-poly(styrene) (P3VP-b-PS) synthesis is the polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) which involves the in situ formation of well-defined micellar nanoscale objects consisting of a PS core and a stabilizing P3VP macroRAFT agent corona. The presented approach shows a well-controlled RAFT polymerization, allowing for the synthesis of diblock copolymers with high monomer conversion. The obtained diblock copolymers display microphase-separated structures according to their composition.

scholarly journals Bottom-Up Fabrication of PEG Brush on Poly(dimethylsiloxane) for Antifouling Surface Construction

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junmei Tang ◽  
Yuemei Han ◽  
Hao Chen ◽  
Quankui Lin
Keyword(s):  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Surface Modifications ◽  
Surface Hydrophobicity ◽  
Surface Coatings ◽  
Biomedical Devices ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
Biomaterial Surface ◽  
Silicone Surface ◽  
Surface Construction

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) silicones have found many applications in biomedical devices, whereas their surface hydrophobicity always brings about unexpected bioadhesion, causing complications of the implanted biomedical devices. In this work, surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (SI-RAFT) polymerization was utilized to generate PEG brushes on silicone surface, obtaining highly hydrophilic surface coatings. Such PEG brush coated silicone presents excellent antifouling to protein, cells, and bacteria, which may have great potential in implantable biomaterial surface modifications.

Self-Healing Hydrophobic POSS-functionalized Fluorinated Copolymer via RAFT Polymerization and dynamic Diels-Alder Reaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siva Ponnupandian ◽  
Prantik Mondal ◽  
Thomas Becker ◽  
Richard Hoogenboom ◽  
Andrew B Lowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Alder Reaction ◽  
Diels Alder ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Diels Alder Reaction ◽  
Reversible Addition

This investigation reports the preparation of a tailor-made copolymer of furfuryl methacrylate (FMA) and trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The furfuryl groups of the copolymer...

scholarly journals Nano-Assemblies from Amphiphilic PnBA-b-POEGA Copolymers as Drug Nanocarriers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1164
Author(s):  
Angeliki Chroni ◽  
Thomas Mavromoustakos ◽  
Stergios Pispas
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Polymeric Nanocarriers ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
2D Noesy ◽  
Drug Nanocarriers ◽  
Glycol Methyl Ether ◽  
Different Molecular Weight

The focus of this study is the development of highly stable losartan potassium (LSR) polymeric nanocarriers. Two novel amphiphilic poly(n-butyl acrylate)-block-poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate) (PnBA-b-POEGA) copolymers with different molecular weight (Mw) of PnBA are synthesized via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, followed by the encapsulation of LSR into both PnBA-b-POEGA micelles. Based on dynamic light scattering (DLS), the PnBA30-b-POEGA70 and PnBA27-b-POEGA73 (where the subscripts denote wt.% composition of the components) copolymers formed micelles of 10 nm and 24 nm in water. The LSR-loaded PnBA-b-POEGA nanocarriers presented increased size and greater mass nanostructures compared to empty micelles, implying the successful loading of LSR into the inner hydrophobic domains. A thorough NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) characterization of the LSR-loaded PnBA-b-POEGA nanocarriers was conducted. Strong intermolecular interactions between the biphenyl ring and the butyl chain of LSR with the methylene signals of PnBA were evidenced by 2D-NOESY experiments. The highest hydrophobicity of the PnBA27-b-POEGA73 micelles contributed to an efficient encapsulation of LSR into the micelles exhibiting a greater value of %EE compared to PnBA30-b-POEGA70 + 50% LSR nanocarriers. Ultrasound release profiles of LSR signified that a great amount of the encapsulated LSR is strongly attached to both PnBA30-b-POEGA70 and PnBA27-b-POEGA73 micelles.

scholarly journals Novel Preparation of Noncovalent Modified GO Using RAFT Polymerization to Reinforce the Performance of Waterborne Epoxy Coatings

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baolei Liu ◽  
Mingqian Wang ◽  
Ying Liang ◽  
Zhicheng Zhang ◽  
Guohong Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Salt Spray ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Block Polymer ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
Waterborne Epoxy ◽  
And Performance

This work launches the first-ever report on the fabrication of waterborne epoxy-graphene oxide (GO) coatings (WEGC) using a block polymer as a dispersant of GO, wherein the block polymer was synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of acrylic acid and oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate A number of analytical techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and salt spray tests, were utilized to explore the morphology and performance of the WEGC. It was confirmed that POEGMA950-b-PAA attached to the GO nanosheets, increasing the integral space of the sheets. Modified GO (MGO) layers were well-dispersed in the epoxy matrix through the formation of a GO-dispersant-epoxy ternary molecular structure. Furthermore, the presence of MGO substantially influenced the thermal properties, mechanical properties, and anticorrosion performance of the WEGC. TGA, salt spray tests, and pull-off testsshowed that 0.5 wt.% MGO content achieved the greatest improvement in the evaluated properties.

Synthesis and characterization of a naphthalimide–dye end-labeled copolymer by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binxin Li ◽  
Daniel Majonis ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Mitchell A. Winnik
Keyword(s):  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Polymer Composition ◽  
Cooh Group ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
Raft Agent ◽  
End Use ◽  
Naphthalimide Dye

We describe the synthesis of an end-functionalized copolymer of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) and N-hydroxysuccinimide methacrylate (NMS) by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. To control the polymer composition, the faster reacting monomer (NMS) was added slowly to the reaction mixture beginning 30 min after initating the polymerization (ca. 16% HPMA conversion). One RAFT agent, based on azocyanopentanoic acid, introduced a –COOH group to the chain at one end. Use of a different RAFT agent containing a 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide dye introduced a UV–vis absorbing and fluorescent group at this chain end. The polymers obtained had molecular weights of 30 000 and 20 000, respectively, and contained about 30 mol% NMS active ester groups.

Living Radical Polymerization with Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT Polymerization) Using Dithiocarbamates as Chain Transfer Agents

1999 ◽  
Vol 32 (21) ◽  
pp. 6977-6980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshan T. A. Mayadunne ◽  
Ezio Rizzardo ◽  
John Chiefari ◽  
Yen Kwong Chong ◽  
Graeme Moad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Living Radical Polymerization ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
Transfer Agents

Controlling Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Composites through Photoinduced Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobing Shi ◽  
Jin Zhang ◽  
Nathaniel Alan Corrigan ◽  
Cyrille Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Polymer Networks ◽  
Material Design ◽  
Advanced Material ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
3D Printed

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization has been widely exploited to produce homogeneous and living polymer networks for advanced material design. In this work, we incorporate silica nanoparticles (SNPs) into a...

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