Competitive fragmentation processes in multiphoton ionization: the role of ladder switching

1985 ◽  
Vol 89 (13) ◽  
pp. 2717-2719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W. Stiller ◽  
Murray V. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Multiphoton Ionization ◽  
Fragmentation Processes

scholarly journals Multiphoton Ionization and Fragmentation of Hydrogen Chloride: A Diatomic Still Good for a Surprise

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christof Maul ◽  
Alexey I. Chichinin ◽  
Karl-Heinz Gericke
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Multiphoton Ionization ◽  
Chemical Imaging ◽  
Angular Distributions ◽  
Ultraviolet Wavelength ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Minimum Potential ◽  
Fragmentation Processes ◽  
Competing Pathways

The competition between multiphoton ionization and fragmentation in the diatomic molecule hydrogen chloride is reviewed. Emphasis is laid on recent experimental results employing chemical imaging methods in order to obtain kinetic energy distributions and angular distributions of photoproducts. The energy range considered is 15 to 20 eV, equivalent to the absorption of three or four photons in the ultraviolet wavelength range. The role of Rydberg states as resonantly excited intermediate states in the ionization/fragmentation processes is assessed. Mixing among Σ1+ states gives rise to peculiarly shaped double minimum potential energy curves which allow for the production of hydrogen and chlorine atomic and ionic fragments via several competing pathways, in addition to the production of molecular HCl+ ions. States with different electronic properties show a qualitatively different behaviour from Σ+ states. Accidental resonances between states of differing orbital angular momentum or multiplicity serve to override these differences and cause subtle as well as significant deviations from the unperturbed behaviour.

Description of (Hyper-)Fragments in Hadron-Induced Reactions

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1887
Author(s):  
Theodoros Gaitanos
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactions ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Nuclear Fragmentation ◽  
Equilibrium Dynamics ◽  
Ion Collisions ◽  
Light Ions ◽  
Classical Transport ◽  
Nuclear Targets ◽  
Fragmentation Processes

In this article we review the important role of non-equilibrium dynamics in reactions induced by ions and hadron beams to understand the fragmentation processes inside hadronic media. We discuss the single-particle dynamics in specific sources such as spectators in heavy-ion collisions and residual nuclear targets in hadron-induced reactions. Particular attention is given to the dynamics of hyperons. We further discuss the question regarding the onset of local instabilities, which are relevant for the appearance of fragmentation phenomena in nuclear reactions. We apply the theoretical formalism, that is, semi-classical transport embedded with statistical methods of nuclear fragmentation, to reactions induced by light ions and hadron beams. We discuss the results of nuclear fragmentation and, in particular, examine the formation of hypernuclei. Such studies are important for obtaining a deeper understanding of the equation of state in fragmenting matter and are relevant for forthcoming experiments, such as PANDA at FAIR and J-PARC in Japan.

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