scholarly journals Multiphoton Ionization and Fragmentation of Hydrogen Chloride: A Diatomic Still Good for a Surprise

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christof Maul ◽  
Alexey I. Chichinin ◽  
Karl-Heinz Gericke
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Multiphoton Ionization ◽  
Chemical Imaging ◽  
Angular Distributions ◽  
Ultraviolet Wavelength ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Minimum Potential ◽  
Fragmentation Processes ◽  
Competing Pathways

The competition between multiphoton ionization and fragmentation in the diatomic molecule hydrogen chloride is reviewed. Emphasis is laid on recent experimental results employing chemical imaging methods in order to obtain kinetic energy distributions and angular distributions of photoproducts. The energy range considered is 15 to 20 eV, equivalent to the absorption of three or four photons in the ultraviolet wavelength range. The role of Rydberg states as resonantly excited intermediate states in the ionization/fragmentation processes is assessed. Mixing among Σ1+ states gives rise to peculiarly shaped double minimum potential energy curves which allow for the production of hydrogen and chlorine atomic and ionic fragments via several competing pathways, in addition to the production of molecular HCl+ ions. States with different electronic properties show a qualitatively different behaviour from Σ+ states. Accidental resonances between states of differing orbital angular momentum or multiplicity serve to override these differences and cause subtle as well as significant deviations from the unperturbed behaviour.

scholarly journals A Mini Review on Doped Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4651
Author(s):  
Yilin Deng ◽  
Wei Lai ◽  
Bin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution Reaction ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Heteroatom Doping ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen

The energy crisis and environmental pollution have attracted much attention and have promoted researches on clean and sustainable hydrogen energy resources. With the help of highly active and stable transition metal nickel-based catalysts, the production of hydrogen from water electrolysis from electrolyzed water has become an inexpensive and efficient strategy for generating hydrogen energy. In recent years, heteroatom doping has been found to be an effective strategy to improve the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performances of nickel-based catalysts in acidic, neutral, and alkaline media. This review will highlight many recent works of inexpensive and readily available heteroatom-doped nickel-based HER catalysts. The evaluation methods for the performances of HER catalyst will be briefly described, and the role of heteroatom doping and its application in nickel-based catalyst will be summarized. This article will also point out some heteroatom doping strategies, which may provide references and inspire the design of other catalysts with dopants.

Description of (Hyper-)Fragments in Hadron-Induced Reactions

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1887
Author(s):  
Theodoros Gaitanos
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactions ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Nuclear Fragmentation ◽  
Equilibrium Dynamics ◽  
Ion Collisions ◽  
Light Ions ◽  
Classical Transport ◽  
Nuclear Targets ◽  
Fragmentation Processes

In this article we review the important role of non-equilibrium dynamics in reactions induced by ions and hadron beams to understand the fragmentation processes inside hadronic media. We discuss the single-particle dynamics in specific sources such as spectators in heavy-ion collisions and residual nuclear targets in hadron-induced reactions. Particular attention is given to the dynamics of hyperons. We further discuss the question regarding the onset of local instabilities, which are relevant for the appearance of fragmentation phenomena in nuclear reactions. We apply the theoretical formalism, that is, semi-classical transport embedded with statistical methods of nuclear fragmentation, to reactions induced by light ions and hadron beams. We discuss the results of nuclear fragmentation and, in particular, examine the formation of hypernuclei. Such studies are important for obtaining a deeper understanding of the equation of state in fragmenting matter and are relevant for forthcoming experiments, such as PANDA at FAIR and J-PARC in Japan.

Role of the Electron–Dipole Interaction in Photodetachment Angular Distributions

2021 ◽  
pp. 10086-10092
Author(s):  
C. Annie Hart ◽  
Justin Lyle ◽  
Joseph Spellberg ◽  
Anna I. Krylov ◽  
Richard Mabbs
Keyword(s):  
Dipole Interaction ◽  
Angular Distributions

The vacuum ultraviolet photolysis of hydrogen chloride. The role of the hot hydrogen atoms

1981 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jówko ◽  
S. U. Pavlova ◽  
H. Baj ◽  
B. G. Dzantiev ◽  
M. Foryś
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Ultraviolet Photolysis

Analisa Potensi Zakat UMKM Mebel Melalui BAZNAS untuk Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Jepara

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Fatchur Rohman ◽  
Aan Zainul Anwar ◽  
Subadriyah Subadriyah
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Financial Instruments ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Village Level ◽  
Tax Deductions ◽  
Minimum Potential ◽  
Very High

This study aims to determine the potential of zakah and issued UMKMcarving furniture and its effect on the welfare of the surrounding community through BAZNAS Jepara district, as well as deepen the knowledge and results of poverty modeling in Jepara district. Methods This research is a qualitative study of triangulation and method.. The result of this research is zakat potential in Jepara very big, especially from carving furniture sector where 91,27% carving furniture entrepreneur know and have understanding about zakahand counting zakah. The distribution of zakah UMKM carving furniture by 19.78% is channeled through Baznas Jepara this is because of the low role of UPZ at sub-district and village level. minimum potential of zakat top of UMKM furniture ukiritung Rp. 1.644.500.000, - and distributed to productive zakat with nominal Rp 25 Million/ recipient of working capital will be received as many as 65 recipients of zakah every year but this potential is not yet programmed by BAZNAS Jepara. In this researchthe awareness and knowledge of the society about zakah is very high, it needs to be socialized about zakah on the company, the preparation of existing financial instruments of zakah, and zakah can be as tax deductions.

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