Processing Characteristics of Rubber Compounds Effect of Pigment Particle Size and Surface

1938 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 776-778
Author(s):  
A. H. Nellen ◽  
C. E. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Pigment Particle ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Processing Characteristics of Rubber Compounds- - -. Effect of Pigment Particle Size and Surface

1938 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-590
Author(s):  
A. H. Nellen ◽  
C. E. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Pigment Particle ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Zinc Oxides ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Processing Properties

Abstract A STUDY of the processing properties imparted by any pigment to a rubber compound is important in determining the most effective and economical type of pigment for a particular purpose. For example, in a truck tire carcass compound where zinc oxide may be the main pigment, in order to obtain the maximum quality this zinc oxide should be of the type which will give a soft uncured stock and free-flowing qualities so that the cords in the carcass may be thoroughly impregnated during the calendering and curing processes. Also, in a tread compound where channel black is the main pigment, that type of black which will allow faster incorporation into the rubber, faster extrusion, and better flowing qualities will result in manufacturing economies. In the case of both the zinc oxides and the carbon blacks it is essential that these desirable processing characteristics be obtained without losses in other properties, such as rate of cure, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance.

Effect of Diameter and Surface Area of Carbon Black Particles on Certain Properties of Rubber Compounds

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-474
Author(s):  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Stiffness Modulus ◽  
Carbon Structures ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Regular Manner ◽  
Tear Resistance

Abstract Carbon blacks can be grouped into different classes according to the way in which their fineness of division relates to different properties in rubber. Within any one class the principal properties vary in a regular manner with particle size. The normal class consists of the furnace carbons, Kosmos (Dixie)-40, Statex, the rubber-grade impingement carbons, and possibly, the color-grade impingement carbons. The subnormal classes consist of thermal carbons and acetylene and lamp blacks. Irrespective of the above classification, the properties which depend more on fineness of division than on other factors are rebound resilience, abrasion resistance, tensile strength and tear resistance. The lower limit of particle diameter for best tensile strength and tear resistance appears to be higher than that for abrasion resistance. B.S.I, hardness and electrical conductivity are properties which depend at least as much on other factors as on particle size. Stiffness (modulus) depends more on other factors than on particle size. Factors modifying the effects of particle size (or specific surface) include the presence of carbon-carbon structures and a reduction in strength of bond in rubber-carbon structures. Carbon black is thought to exist in rubber in four states: agglomerated, flocculated, dispersed, and bonded to the rubber molecules (the reënforcing fraction). Abrasion resistance is regarded as providing the only reliable measure of reënforcement.

Influence of aluminum trihydrate particle size on the combustion of polydimethylsiloxane-based rubber compounds

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 2079-2086 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Khalturinskiy ◽  
G. A. Zdorikova ◽  
A. A. Kolesnikov ◽  
T. A. Troitskaya ◽  
T. A. Rudakova
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Aluminum Trihydrate

Stiffening Effect of Pigments in Rubber

1945 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
S. D. Gehman
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Physical Testing ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Filler Reinforcement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Particle Size And Shape ◽  
Stiffening Effect

Abstract The use of reinforcing pigments in rubber, especially in synthetic rubber, is important in securing desirable physical properties. The earlier literature on the subject has been reviewed by Shepard, Street, and Park. Several theories were advanced to explain the effectiveness of reinforcing pigments in rubber. Some of these emphasized the importance of particle size and shape: others, the chemical composition and surface activity. The electron microscope has now furnished more reliable information on the particle size and shape of pigments, especially of carbon blacks, than was available in the earlier work2. The carbon blacks used in rubber compounding are essentially spherical; the mean diameter varies from 28 to 274 mµ for different types. Systematic studies have been carried out to show the influence of particle size and surface area on various physical testing indices used to evaluate rubber compounds. The x-ray structure of rubber stocks containing carbon black has been investigated. Several articles dealing with the theory of pigment reinforcement have appeared. This additional work has not clarified the original concepts advanced to explain filler reinforcement, but the research of Wiegand shows beyond doubt that particle size is the predominating factor in explaining differences in the properties of rubber compounded with various blacks. The present paper will attempt to explain some of the effects of pigment reinforcement of rubber, particularly increased stiffness, by simple mechanical considerations which may be regarded as extensions or extrapolations of the results of measurements on rubber in compression.

scholarly journals Influence of magnesium hydrosilicate on the properties plantar rubber

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
Konstantin V. Efimov ◽  
◽  
Lyudmila Yu. Tsareva ◽  
Nikolay F. Ushmarin ◽  
Nikolay I. Koltsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rubber Mixture ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Developed Surface ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Methyl Styrene ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

The properties of rubber products are determined by the nature and content of caoutchoucs, vulcanizing systems and other ingredients. Among them, fillers play an important role. The most common fillers are carbon black and silicas. Recently, in connection with the increasing operational requirements for rubber products, additives of special fillers began to be introduced into rubber mixtures. Among them, silicates are of practical interest, the use of which allows not only to reduce the cost, but also to give qualitatively new useful physical and mechanical properties to rubbers. Improving the physical and mechanical properties of rubbers directly depends on the particle size of the fillers. Fillers with a smaller particle size have a larger surface area and have a significant effect on the physical and mechanical properties of rubbers. The highly developed surface of powdered magnesium hydrosilicate suggests its use as a filler for rubber compounds. In this regard, it is of interest to study the effect of magnesium hydrosilicate on the properties of rubbers. This article explored the possibility of using magnesium hydrosilicate in plantar rubber based on a combination of nitrile butadiene SKN-4055, methyl styrene butadiene SKMS-30ARK and isoprene SKI-3 caoutchoucs. The rheometric properties were investigated for the rubber mixture, and the physical and mechanical properties, hardness, resistance to thermal aging and the action of aggressive media were determined for vulcanizates. As a result of the studies, it was found that the best rheometric, physico-mechanical and operational properties are possessed by the vulcanizate of the rubber compound, in which the silicon-acid filler of rossil 175 was partially replaced by magnesium hydrosilicate. This rubber can be used in the production of oil and petrol resistant soles of rubber shoes.

Effect of Alternative Fillers on the Properties of Rubber Compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 798 ◽  
pp. 316-321
Author(s):  
Wasana Khongwong ◽  
Nittaya Keawprak ◽  
Phunthinee Somwongsa ◽  
Duriyoung Tattaporn ◽  
Piyalak Ngernchuklin
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Mixing Condition ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
High Shore ◽  
Type Mixer ◽  
Normal Formula

The paper is focused on the influence of alternative fillers on rubber compounds properties. Three different types of powder fillers, drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS), perlite and calcium carbonate, were mixed into rubber compound mixtures. The mixtures were composed of STR20, EPDM, zinc oxide, steric acid, paraffin wax, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), sulphur, Wingstay L, and filler. The mixtures were mixed in a Kneader type mixer at temperature of 70°C and then continuously mixed using a two-roll mill at temperature of 70°C. The relationships between type and the amount of filler versus properties of rubber compounds were demonstrated. The results showed that tensile and elongation at break of rubber compounds gradually decreased with increasing the amount of filler. Rubber compounds filled with small particle size filler possessed higher tensile strength and elongation at break than those filled with large particle size filler. Values of DIN abrasion loss of rubber compounds prepared under proper mixing condition were not more than 300 mm3. Under appropriate condition, the rubber compounds with DWTS, perlite and calcium carbonate provided sufficiently high shore A hardness (not less than 50 Shore A hardness). Finally, alternative fillers such as DWTS and perlite were expected to replace calcium carbonate in normal formula.

Research of Structure and Properties of Rubber Mixtures with Adhesion Additives on the Basis of Carbamide

2020 ◽  
Vol 869 ◽  
pp. 424-430
Author(s):  
Nelly N. Shishkina ◽  
Yakov D. Samuilov ◽  
Larisa Yuryevna Zakirova
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Electrokinetic Potential ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Adhesive Layer ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Metal Cord ◽  
Adhesion Promoters ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of new adhesion promoters on the bond strength of rubber compounds with rubber cord based on synthetic isoprene rubber SKI-3, as well as on the structure of their vulcanizates, is investigated. The synthesized additives were taken as adhesion promoters: 2,4-diphenylcarbamidotoluene (DPKT); 2-isocyanatophenylcarbamidotoluene (IPCT) and the industrial promoter is Manobond 680C. Tests were conducted to determine the adhesion strength to the metal cord and the density of the cross-linking of the obtained rubber compounds by the dosage of additives. It is determined that the maximum value of adhesion had mixture containing 1.2 parts by weight of 2-isocyanato-phenylcarbamidotoluene and Manobond 680C. It was found that the introduction of additives DPCT and IPCT leads to the formation of additional cross-links in the vulcanizates. Rubbers containing additives in an amount of 0.4-1.2 parts by weight have the highest density of crosslinking. The studies made it possible to hypothesize the relationship between the particle size and the electrokinetic potential of blocked urea-based isocyanates with the strength of brass-metal cord-rubber bonding. The results obtained indicate that the greater the electrokinetic potential of the synthesized additives and the lower the average particle size, the better the additive is distributed in the rubber compound and affects the formation of the adhesive layer at the brass-metal cord-rubber interface.

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