Auxiliary Phase Guidelines for Microbial Biotransformations of Toxic Substrate into Toxic Product

This study uses orange peel waste to create a biopolymer that can be used for different purposes. In order to achieve this, we evaluated various technologies for the production of the biopolymer, and tried to design the most environmentally friendly process possible. One of the reasons why this bioplastic should be manufactured is to participate in the replacement of common environmental hazardous plastic, which has been banned in many places. On the other hand, using orange peel as the main ingredient is an alternative and gives value to an organic waste that has limited use in circular economy solutions. In this research we present a methodology to create a bioplastic of orange peels. As a result, we obtained a biodegradable, flexible and resistant material to be used in the manufacture of containers, utensils, etc. In addition, it is a material that, given the raw materials used, is considered GRAS (Generally Recognized As Save), implying a non-toxic product that is safe for the consumer.

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Absence of glucokinase in Methanomonas sp. as a cause for their inability to grow on glucose

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m72-296 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 1907-1913 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kei Amemiya

Keyword(s):

Phosphate Esters ◽

Resting Cells ◽

Obligate Methylotroph ◽

Enzymatic Assays ◽

Autotrophic Bacteria ◽

Toxic Product ◽

A Cell ◽

Flow Through ◽

Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽

Autotrophic Bacterium

Many obligate autotrophic bacteria can be grown on glucose using a dialysis flow-through system. Methanomonas methanooxidans, an obligate methylotroph, exhibits many of the properties of an obligate autotrophic bacterium but we have been unable to grow it on glucose using dialysis. In the obligate autotrophic bacteria, the dialysis procedure seems to be removing a toxic product of glucose metabolism but this does not seem to be the case with the methylotroph. Enzymatic assays on a cell-free extract from methane-grown or methane plus glucose-grown cells showed only phosphoglucoisomerase activity, while glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity were not detected. Studies with resting cells showed that glucose was not oxidized, although the phosphate esters of glucose, fructose, ribose, and gluconate were oxidized. CO2 fixation occurred only in the presence of glucose-6-phosphate. The rate of oxygen consumed and CO2 fixed on glucose-6-phosphate were almost identical with that when methanol was used as the substrate. When the phosphate esters of glucose, fructose, and ribose were used as the sole energy source, only glucose-6-phosphate supported growth to any extent; in fact, the amount of growth was essentially the same as that obtained with methanol. The results from this study suggest that the inability of this organism to grow on glucose may be due to the absence of adequate glucokinase.

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The Central Role of Multiple P450 Genes and Their Co-factor CPR in the Development of Permethrin Resistance in the Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.802584 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Youhui Gong ◽

Ting Li ◽

Qi Li ◽

Shikai Liu ◽

Nannan Liu

Keyword(s):

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Resistance Mechanism ◽

Gene Overexpression ◽

Degradation Pathways ◽

Cytochrome P450 Reductase ◽

Major Threat ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Toxic Product ◽

Resistant Strains

Mosquitoes’ increasing resistance to insecticides is becoming a major threat for control efforts worldwide. Multiple P450 genes that are up-regulated in permethrin resistant strains of Culex quinquefasciatus have been linked to the development of resistance. In the current study, we characterized the function of six P450 genes, CYP6P14, CYP6BZ2, CYP9J33, CYP9J34, CYP9J40, and CYP9J45, that are overexpressed in the permethrin resistant Culex mosquitoes and showed their capability in metabolism of permethrin. These six P450 genes can convert 3-phenoxybenzoic alcohol (PBCHO) to a less toxic product, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (PBCOOH), indicating that these P450s play an important role in permethrin degradation pathways. Although we know multiple P450 genes are over-expressed in permethrin resistant Culex mosquitoes, it remains to be seen whether cytochrome P450-reductase (CPR) gene that are co-overexpressed with P450 genes in permethrin resistant mosquitoes do indeed serve as a resistance mechanism. An in-depth investigation of the expression of CPR gene in resistant mosquitoes was conducted in permethrin resistant mosquitoes. The finding of CPR gene overexpression in permethrin resistant mosquitoes suggested the importance of co-overexpression of multiple P450 genes with their obligatory electron donor CPR in the complex detoxification system, boosting the metabolism of permethrin and hence the development of permethrin resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus.

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Premises of Sustainable Development Concept Occurence

Land Forces Academy Review ◽

10.2478/raft-2019-0005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 45-53

Author(s):

Elisabeta-Emilia Halmaghi ◽

Mihai-Marcel Neag

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Animal Species ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Environmental Issues ◽

Biodiversity Loss ◽

Point Of View ◽

Pesticide Use ◽

Political Debate ◽

Toxic Product ◽

Difficult Issue

Abstract It has long been considered that the environment can withstand all the pressure exerted by human activities on it: extensive agriculture, pesticide use, strong industrialization, noxious gas emissions into the atmosphere, toxic product discharge into lakes, rivers, seas and oceans, massive deforestation to obtain new areas for housing or agriculture. The result was environmental and soil degradation, increased water and/or air pollution, climate change, biodiversity loss, the disappearance of plant and/or animal species, the depletion of some natural resources. These environmental changes have begun to be studied by specialists in the field, who have raised a flag to irreversible environmental changes. The concept of “sustainable development” arose at a time when environmental issues were at the heart of political debate: sustainable development is seen as a complex and difficult issue to solve because there is a diversity of interests of different states. International agreements and cooperation from the point of view of globalization and economic harmonization have also had as their object the issues of sustainable development, by launching the attempt to reconcile the economy with the environment.

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A novel polyoxovanadate-based Co-MOF: highly efficient and selective oxidation of a mustard gas simulant by two-site synergetic catalysis

Journal of Materials Chemistry A ◽

10.1039/d0ta00537a ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (25) ◽

pp. 12398-12405 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hong-Rui Tian ◽

Zhong Zhang ◽

Shu-Mei Liu ◽

Tian-Yi Dang ◽

Xiao-Hui Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Synergistic Effect ◽

Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽

Selective Oxidation ◽

Mustard Gas ◽

Highly Efficient ◽

Toxic Product ◽

Organic Framework

A polyoxovanadate-based cobalt organic framework (V–Co-MOF) was synthesized and it, as a heterogeneous catalyst, can catalyze the rapid selective oxidation of a mustard gas simulant to a non-toxic product by the two-site synergistic effect of VV and CoII.

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Green Toxicology—Know Early About and Avoid Toxic Product Liabilities

Toxicological Sciences ◽

10.1093/toxsci/kfx243 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 161 (2) ◽

pp. 285-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Alexandra Maertens ◽

Thomas Hartung

Keyword(s):

Toxic Product

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Effects of the material and fire conditions on toxic product yields

Fire Toxicity ◽

10.1533/9781845698072.4.515 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 515-540 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D.A. Purser ◽

A.A. Stec ◽

T.R. Hull

Keyword(s):

Product Yields ◽

Toxic Product ◽

Fire Conditions

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Glaucoma patients have an increased level of trimethylamine, a toxic product of gut bacteria, in the aqueous humor: a pilot study

International Ophthalmology ◽

10.1007/s10792-020-01587-y ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Janusz Skrzypecki ◽

J. Izdebska ◽

A. Kamińska ◽

J. Badowska ◽

J. Przybek-Skrzypecka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽

Aqueous Humor ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Filtration Rate ◽

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽

Gut Bacteria ◽

Uremic Toxin ◽

Systemic Diseases ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Toxic Product

Abstract Purpose Animal studies suggest that gut bacteria metabolites are involved in regulation of intraocular pressure or development of glaucoma. However, clinical data are lacking. Here, we wanted to compare level of trimethylamine (TMA), an uremic toxin produced by gut bacteria, along with betaine and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a substrate and a product of its metabolism, in the aqueous humor and in plasma of patients with glaucoma and their controls. Methods Twenty patients were selected for cataract phacoemulsification, and 20 patients selected for phacotrabeculectomy were enrolled in the study. Patients were matched with controls on systemic diseases and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Blood samples were collected in the preoperative suite, whereas aqueous humor samples were collected as the first step of both procedures. Subsequently, level of betaine, TMA and TMAO was analyzed by means of chromatography. Results In the aqueous humor, level of TMA, but not betaine or TMAO, was significantly higher in the phacotrabeculectomy group than in the phacoemulsification group. Plasma level of betaine, TMA and TMAO was similar between groups. In both groups, level of betaine and TMA, but not TMAO, was significantly higher in plasma than in the aqueous humor. Conclusion TMA, but not TMAO or betaine level, is increased in the aqueous humor of patients with glaucoma. TMA might play a role in pathogenesis of glaucoma; however, prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings.

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