Time-dependent inhibition of Bacillus stearothermophilus alanine racemase by (1-aminoethyl)phosphonate isomers by isomerization to noncovalent slowly dissociating enzyme-(1-aminoethyl)phosphonate complexes

Biochemistry ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 3275-3282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Badet ◽  
Kenji Inagaki ◽  
Kenji Soda ◽  
Christopher T. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Stearothermophilus ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Alanine Racemase ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Time Dependent Inhibition

Combination of GSH Trapping and Time-Dependent Inhibition Assays as a Predictive Method of Drugs Generating Highly Reactive Metabolites

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1247-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shintaro Nakayama ◽  
Hideo Takakusa ◽  
Akiko Watanabe ◽  
Yoshihiro Miyaji ◽  
Wataru Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Dependent ◽  
Reactive Metabolites ◽  
Predictive Method ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Time Dependent Inhibition

Time-Dependent Inhibition of Oxotremorine-Induced Cerebral Hyperemia by N ω -Nitro- l -Arginine in Cats

Stroke ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 2160-2165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charisse S. Tietjen ◽  
Jeffrey R. Kirsch ◽  
Nathalie Clavier ◽  
Richard J. Traystman
Keyword(s):  
Time Dependent ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Time Dependent Inhibition

scholarly journals Pesticide Encapsulation at the Nanoscale Drives Changes to the Hydrophobic Partitioning and Toxicity of an Active Ingredient

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Slattery ◽  
Bryan Harper ◽  
Stacey Harper
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Ceriodaphnia Dubia ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Hydrodynamic Diameter ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Pesticide Formulations ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Time Dependent Inhibition

Given the costs associated with designing novel active ingredients, new formulations focus on the use of other ingredients to modify existing formulations. Nanosized encapsulated pesticides offer a variety of enhanced features including controlled release and improved efficacy. Despite the presence of nanosized capsules in current-use pesticide formulations, the analytical and toxicological implications of encapsulation are uncertain. To explore this issue quantitatively, we fractionated the capsules of a commercially available encapsulated insecticide formulation (γ-cyhalothrin active ingredient) into two size ranges: a large fraction (LF), with an average hydrodynamic diameter (HDD) of 758 nm, and a small fraction (SF), with an average HDD of 449 nm. We developed a novel extraction method demonstrating a time-dependent inhibition of γ-cyhalothrin from capsules for up to 48 h. An acute immobilization test with a freshwater macroinvertebrate (Ceriodaphnia dubia) revealed that the SF was significantly more toxic than both the LF and the free γ-cyhalothrin treatment (EC50 = 0.18 µg/L, 0.57 µg/L, and 0.65 µg/L, respectively). These findings highlight that encapsulation of γ-cyhalothrin mitigates hydrophobic partitioning in a time-dependent manner and influences toxicity in a size-dependent manner. Recognizing the analytical and toxicological nuances of various nanosized capsules can contribute to innovation in pesticide formulations and may lead to more comprehensive pesticide regulation.

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