scholarly journals Direct Measurement of the Selective Microwave-Induced Heating of Agglomerates of Dipolar Molecules: The Origin of and Parameters Controlling a Microwave Specific Superheating Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 125 (8) ◽  
pp. 2146-2156
Author(s):  
Yuchuan Tao ◽  
Chong Teng ◽  
Terence D. Musho ◽  
Lambertus van de Burgt ◽  
Eric Lochner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Dipolar Molecules

scholarly journals Direct measurement of the viscoelectric effect in water

2022 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. e2113690119
Author(s):  
Di Jin ◽  
Yongyun Hwang ◽  
Liraz Chai ◽  
Nir Kampf ◽  
Jacob Klein
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Surface Force ◽  
Polar Liquid ◽  
Force Balance ◽  
Uniform Electric Field ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Dipolar Molecules ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flow Effects

The viscoelectric effect concerns the increase in viscosity of a polar liquid in an electric field due to its interaction with the dipolar molecules and was first determined for polar organic liquids more than 80 y ago. For the case of water, however, the most common polar liquid, direct measurement of the viscoelectric effect is challenging and has not to date been carried out, despite its importance in a wide range of electrokinetic and flow effects. In consequence, estimates of its magnitude for water vary by more than three orders of magnitude. Here, we measure the viscoelectric effect in water directly using a surface force balance by measuring the dynamic approach of two molecularly smooth surfaces with a controlled, uniform electric field between them across highly purified water. As the water is squeezed out of the gap between the approaching surfaces, viscous damping dominates the approach dynamics; this is modulated by the viscoelectric effect under the uniform transverse electric field across the water, enabling its magnitude to be directly determined as a function of the field. We measured a value for this magnitude, which differs by one and by two orders of magnitude, respectively, from its highest and lowest previously estimated values.

Microwaves: Application in Electron Microscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
Anthony S-Y Leong ◽  
David W Gove
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Tissue Fixation ◽  
Primary Method ◽  
Dipolar Molecules ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cryostat Sections

Microwaves (MW) are electromagnetic waves which are commonly generated at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. When dipolar molecules such as water, the polar side chains of proteins and other molecules with an uneven distribution of electrical charge are exposed to such non-ionizing radiation, they oscillate through 180° at a rate of 2,450 million cycles/s. This rapid kinetic movement results in accelerated chemical reactions and produces instantaneous heat. MWs have recently been applied to a wide range of procedures for light microscopy. MWs generated by domestic ovens have been used as a primary method of tissue fixation, it has been applied to the various stages of tissue processing as well as to a wide variety of staining procedures. This use of MWs has not only resulted in drastic reductions in the time required for tissue fixation, processing and staining, but have also produced better cytologic images in cryostat sections, and more importantly, have resulted in better preservation of cellular antigens.

Direct Measurement of the Listening of Hearing-Impaired Children

1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Mira
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Continuous Measurement ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Reinforcement System ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Conjugate Reinforcement ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Hearing Impaired Children

Listening, a significant dimension of the behavior of hearing-impaired children, may be measured directly by recording childrens' responses to obtain audio narrations programmed via a conjugate reinforcement system. Twelve hearing-impaired, school-aged children responded in varying ways to the opportunity to listen. Direct and continuous measurement of listening has relevance for evaluation of remediation methods and for discovery of variables potentially related to listening.

DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF TILT ANGLE IN SMECTIC MESOPHASES BY NEUTRON DIFFRACTION

1976 ◽  
Vol 37 (C3) ◽  
pp. C3-127-C3-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. HERVET ◽  
S. LAGOMARSINO ◽  
F. RUSTICHELLI ◽  
F. VOLINO
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Tilt Angle

DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF ARGININE-VASOPRESSIN IN HUMAN SERUM WITHOUT EXTRACTION PROCEDURE

1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (1_Suppla) ◽  
pp. S130 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wagner ◽  
V. Maier ◽  
H.-J. Herrmann ◽  
H. E. Franz
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Extraction Procedure
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document