Infrared Gas Analyzer for Low Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide

1952 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Watkins ◽  
C. L. Gemmill
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Infrared Gas Analyzer

THE EFFECT OF LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH AND RESPIRATION OF BOTRYTIS SQUAMOSA

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 927-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Stinson ◽  
R. S. Gage ◽  
E. B. MacNaughton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Botrytis Squamosa ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
Mycelial Mass ◽  
Infrared Gas Analyzer ◽  
Effect Of Light

The fungus organism Botrytis squamosa Walker when maintained at constant temperature is unaffected by light levels as high as 100 ft-c for periods of several days and by levels of 250 ft-c for periods of a few hours. This is contrary to an earlier report which said that an illuminance of 70 ft-c would prevent growth of the organism. It is suspected that a combination of undetected temperature gradients and the variability of the organism lead to the earlier report of a light inhibition.The organism is temperature sensitive. No growth occurred at, or beyond, 30 °C. Maximum growth occurred at 23 °C, the lowest temperature used in the investigations.While all portions of the mycelial mass evolve some carbon dioxide, the most active evolution is generally around the circumference. Variations in age and circumference accounted for a considerable portion of the variability in the carbon dioxide evolution.Measuring techniques involved the use of thermocouples, a radiation thermopile and photronic cell, and an infrared gas analyzer.

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS IN ONTARIO WOODLANDS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Sparling ◽  
M. Alt
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Infrared Gas Analyzer

Carbon dioxide concentrations were measured in a number of Ontario woodlands with an infrared gas analyzer. Little evidence of season variation in the concentration of carbon dioxide was obtained. Measurements over 24-hour periods revealed the existence of high concentrations, frequently exceeding 500 p.p.m. at night during midsummer. The high concentrations dropped rapidly at sunrise.The existence of extreme stratification of carbon dioxide which had been reported by earlier workers was not confirmed.

EFFECTS OF SOYBEAN LEAFLET TYPE ON NET CARBON DIOXIDE EXCHANGE, WATER USE, AND WATER-USE EFFICIENCY

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. HIEBSCH ◽  
E. T. KANEMASU ◽  
C. D. NICKELL
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Neutron Attenuation ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Infrared Gas Analyzer

Two near-isogenic soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) lines with normal and narrow leaflets were compared in the field for differences in net carbon dioxide exchange rates, water use, and water-use efficiency with various combinations of population and row spacing. Net carbon dioxide exchange was determined with an open field chamber system and infrared gas analyzer. Water use was estimated from neutron attenuation readings and precipitation. Leaflet type did not significantly affect net carbon dioxide exchange, water use, or yield. Water-use efficiency was only affected at 53 plants/m2 in 38-cm rows, with greater efficiency for the narrow-leaflet cultivar.

Net carbon dioxide exchange of wheat, sorghum, and soybean

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Kanemasu ◽  
C. K. Hiebsch
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Light Saturation ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Infrared Gas Analyzer ◽  
Effect Of Light

Canopy net carbon dioxide exchange (NCE) rates are needed to understand the effect of light on crop growth and development. NCE rates of sorghum, soybean, and wheat canopies were determined using field chambers and an infrared gas analyzer throughout a growing season. Whereas sorghum attained peak NCE rates early in season, soybean and wheat did not reach maximum rates until the late reproductive growth stage. Frequently during the season, NCE rates of sorghum were nearly four times those of soybeans and wheat. Solar radiation had a much greater affect on the NCE of sorghum than on that of soybeans. Apparent light saturation was observed in both soybeans and wheat. An expression for dry matter production of sorghum was derived using chamber data. The expression simulated the total dry matter production for sorghum in 1973, 1972, and 1970 within 20%.

scholarly journals Carbon Dioxide Capture Using a Zeolite Molecular Sieve Sampling System for Isotopic Studies (13C and 14C) of Respiration

Radiocarbon ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M L Hardie ◽  
M H Garnett ◽  
A E Fallick ◽  
A P Rowland ◽  
N J Ostle
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Molecular Sieve ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Isotopic Studies ◽  
Isotope Studies ◽  
Infrared Gas Analyzer

A method for collecting an isotopically representative sample of CO2 from an air stream using a zeolite molecular sieve is described. A robust sampling system was designed and developed for use in the field that includes reusable molecular sieve cartridges, a lightweight pump, and a portable infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). The system was tested using international isotopic standards (13C and 14C). Results showed that CO2 could be trapped and recovered for both δ13C and 14C analysis by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), respectively, without any contamination, fractionation, or memory effect. The system was primarily designed for use in carbon isotope studies of ecosystem respiration, with potential for use in other applications that require CO2 collection from air.

Dry Cleaning with Liquid Carbon Dioxide

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Textile Processing ◽  
Dry Cleaning ◽  
Green Cleaning ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Liquid Co2 ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
High Pressure Equipment

The process of cleaning one item invariably involves making something else dirty. Whether that something else is an organic or halogenated solvent, soapy water, or a rag, we seldom address the dirtying that accompanies any cleaning process. If we are to achieve environmentally benign cleaning, we must look at the life cycle of solvents employed for cleaning, including the potential for recycling, reuse, or release into the environment. Truly “green” cleaning processes not only minimize the amount of waste generated; but also they prevent the dispersal of that waste into large amounts of solvent, water, soil, or air. Dense-phase carbon dioxide is a great cleaning solvent from a pollution-prevention viewpoint. By-product CO2 generated by other industrial processes can be captured, so it is not necessary to generate CO2 specifically for cleaning. Spills of CO2 will not contaminate groundwater or create a need for soil remediation. Carbon dioxide even has advantages for the work environment, since no chronic, harmful effects are known from repeated inhalation of low concentrations of CO2. The barriers to using CO2 as a cleaning solvent have centered around two issues: the expense of high-pressure equipment and the poor solubility of many contaminants in CO2. Micell Technologies, Inc., based in Raleigh, NC, has addressed the equipment issue by using liquid CO2 just below ambient temperature (∼18–22 °C) and vapor pressure (∼50 bar). The equipment needed to contain this pressure is considerably less expensive than that needed for supercritical CO2 processes. As for the second barrier, Micell has surfactant packages that enhance the ability of CO2 to dissolve many contaminants commonly found on clothes or on metal parts. Micell is in the process of designing and bringing to market integrated CO2 solutions, including equipment and appropriate chemistries, to replace the organic solvents or water traditionally used in garment dry cleaning, metal degreasing, and textile processing. Dry cleaning is a bit of a misnomer, in that clothes are cleaned in a liquid solvent. “Dry” simply means that exposure of a garment, such as a wool suit or silk blouse, to water is minimized to prevent damage to hydrophilic fibers.

Application to Woody Plants of a Rapid Method for Determining Leaf CO2 Compensation Concentrations

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. I. Dickmann ◽  
D. H. Gjerstad
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Method ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Leaf Ontogeny ◽  
Infrared Gas Analyzer

A rapid method of determining CO2 compensation concentrations was developed and applied to woody plants. Whole leaves, needle fascicles, and twigs were excised, the cut ends inserted in a vial of deionized water, and the assembly placed in a Mylar bag. The bag was filled with air containing ca. 400 p.p.m. CO2. After 1 h in a growth chamber (24 °C, 3800 ft-c (40 660 lux)), the air was expelled from the bag through an infrared gas analyzer. Compensation concentrations determined by this method agreed with values obtained by using conventional closed-circuit gas analysis. The method was successfully applied to 14 gymnosperm and 55 angiosperm woody species and clones, including field-grown plants and rooted cuttings grown under controlled environment. Variation among species was small, compensation concentrations usually falling between 55 and 65 p.p.m. CO2, the range associated with C3 plants. The influence of temperature, moisture stress, and leaf ontogeny on leaf CO2 compensation also was studied.

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