Inhibition of wheat growth planted after glyphosate application to weeds

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-381
Author(s):  
Se Ji Jang ◽  
Carol Mallory-Smith ◽  
Yong In Kuk
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Wheat Shoot ◽  
Loam Soil

AbstractGlyphosate is easily translocated from shoots to roots and released into the rhizosphere. The objective of this study was to clarify the influence of glyphosate residues in the root tissue of glyphosate-treated weeds on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and shikimate accumulation. Foliar application to 5-leaf downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) planted in sandy loam soil reduced wheat (‘Tubbs 06’) shoot fresh weight by 37% to 46% compared with the control when seeds were planted 0 and 1 d after applications. With Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot], wheat shoot fresh weight was inhibited by 20% to 34% compared with the control at 0, 1, 3, and 5 d after applications to 1.5- and 5-leaf-stage plants. Using a different wheat cultivar (‘Stephens’), shoot fresh weight was inhibited by 19% to 43% when seeds were planted 0 d after glyphosate applications to 1.5-, 2-, and 5-leaf-stage B. tectorum and L. perenne planted in sandy loam soil compared with control. In contrast, some studies using treated L. perenne and B. tectorum planted in clay loam soil resulted in increases in wheat shoot fresh weight. Lolium perenne planted in water-saturated sandy loam soil showed no differences in either shoot or root fresh weight or shikimate accumulation in shoots or roots. Compared with the control plants, shikimate accumulation in roots increased 51- to 59-fold in wheat planted in sandy loam soil that previously contained B. tectorum and 13- to 49-fold in soil that previously contained L. perenne. In both studies, glyphosate was applied at the 1.5-leaf stage, and wheat seeds were sown 0, 1, and 3 d after glyphosate applications. Thus, plant damage caused by glyphosate was associated with increased shikimate accumulation in the root tissue. Overall, crop damage caused by glyphosate residue to target plants was strongly influenced by soil type, soil water conditions, glyphosate sensitivity, target weed species identity, and weed densities.

Factors Affecting Use of Activated Carbon to Improve Herbicide Selectivity

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Burr ◽  
W. O. Lee ◽  
A. P. Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Loam Soil

Under greenhouse conditions activated carbon, applied as a slurry at the time of seeding, protected Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorumLam.) seedlings from the toxicity of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) applied preemergence. Plants growing from seeds planted 1.3 cm deep received less protection from diuron than plants growing from seeds planted 0.6, 1.9, or 2.5 cm deep. Sandy loam soil required at least three times more activated carbon than a clay loam soil to obtain the same protection. Activated carbon applied at 130 kg/ha in a 2.5-cm band on the soil surface directly over the seeds provided adequate protection on a clay loam soil. On a sandy loam soil the 130-kg/ha rate was not adequate. Wetting agents added to aid in carbon wetting reduced the protective effect of activated carbon when added at 0.9 or 2.7% (v/v) but had only a slight effect on protection when added at 0.3% (v/v). The soil moisture level at the time of carbon application and the amount of subsequent irrigation did not influence the protection obtained with activated carbon.

A bioassay for prosulfocarb, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin detection and quantification in soil and crop residues

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaseen Khalil ◽  
Kadambot H. M. Siddique ◽  
Phil Ward ◽  
Colin Piggin ◽  
Sze How Bong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Loam Soil

Three experiments were conducted to develop a bioassay method for assessing the bioavailability of prosulfocarb, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin in both crop residue and soil. In preliminary experiments, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) were tested as bioassay plant species for the three pre-emergent herbicides. Four growth parameters (shoot length, root length, fresh weight and dry weight) were measured for all plant species. Shoot-length inhibition was identified as the most responsive to the herbicide application rates. Italian ryegrass was the most sensitive species to all tested herbicides, whereas beetroot and cucumber had lower and similar sensitivity to shoot inhibition for the three herbicides. The bioassay species performed similarly in wheat and canola residues collected a few days after harvest. In bioassay calibration experiments, dose–response curves were developed for prosulfocarb, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin in a sandy loam soil typical of the grain belt of Western Australia and with wheat residue. The developed bioassay uses ryegrass shoot inhibition for relatively low suspected concentrations of herbicide, and cucumber shoot inhibition for higher rates. The bioassay was validated by spraying the three herbicides separately onto wheat residue and soil and comparing the concentrations derived from chemical analysis with those from the bioassay. All of the linear correlations between concentrations derived from chemical analyses and the bioassays were highly significant. These results indicate that the bioassay calibration curves are suitable for estimating herbicide concentrations in crop residue collected soon after harvest and a sandy-loam soil, low in organic matter.

INSECTICIDE RESIDUES IN POTATOES AND SOIL AFTER CONSECUTIVE SOIL TREATMENTS OF ALDRIN AND HEPTACHLOR

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. R. Stewart ◽  
D. Chisholm ◽  
C. J. S. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Electron Capture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Heptachlor Epoxide ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Total Residue ◽  
Insecticide Residues ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Total Fresh Weight

Aldrin or heptachlor at 5 and 10 lb per acre were each incorporated into a sandy loam soil in 1958, 1959, and 1960. In 1963 the soils and potatoes grown therein were analyzed for insecticide residues by electron capture gas chromatography.Soils which had received applications of heptachlor contained appreciable amounts of gamma-chlordane in addition to heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide. Gamma-chlordane, a constituent of commercial formulations of heptachlor, was more persistent in soil than heptachlor, and the heptachlor/gamma-chlordane ratio decreased with time. Soils to which a total of 30 lb/acre of commercial heptachlor had been added were found to contain up to 2.1 p.p.m. gamma-chlordane, 2.0 p.p.m. heptachlor, and 0.8 p.p.m. heptachlor epoxide. Soils treated with the same amount of aldrin contained up to 0.8 p.p.m. aldrin and 2.3 p.p.m. dieldrin.Potatoes grown in these soils contained up to 0.017 p.p.m. heptachlor, 0.06 p.p.m. heptachlor epoxide, 0.016 p.p.m. gamma-chlordane, 0.002 p.p.m. aldrin, and 0.03 p.p.m. dieldrin of the total fresh weight. Heptachlor, aldrin, and gamma-chlordane were not present in the pulp in appreciable amounts. Approximately 50% of the total residue was contained in or on the skin of the tuber.

Emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide associated with the decomposition of arable crop residues on a sandy loam soil in Eastern England

Agronomie ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 731-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Harrison ◽  
Sharon Ellis ◽  
Roy Cross ◽  
James Harrison Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Arable Crop ◽  
Loam Soil

INFLUENCE OF UNCONVENTIONAL FERTILIZERS ON MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SODDY-PODZOLY SANDY SOIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-87
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Leonova ◽  
◽  
T.A. Spasskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Microbiological Activity ◽  
Coffee Waste ◽  
Loam Soil

The change in the microbiological activity of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil when using coffee waste and sewage sludge as a fertilizer for oats in comparison with traditional fertilizers is considered. During the study, it was determined that the predominant groups were bacteria and actinomycetes. Bacilli and fungi are few in number. The introduction of sewage sludge and coffee waste into the sod-podzolic sandy loam soil at a dose of 10 t / ha increases the activity of the microflora of the sod-podzolic sandy loam soil, which increases the effective and potential fertility.

Chloride and Lithium Transport in Large Arrays of Undisturbed Silt Loam and Sandy Loam Soil Columns

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
M. Saleem Akhtar ◽  
Tammo S. Steenhuis ◽  
Brian K. Richards ◽  
Murray B. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Lithium Transport ◽  
Loam Soil

scholarly journals A Modified Pressure–Sinkage Model for Studying the Effect of a Hard Layer in Sandy Loam Soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5499
Author(s):  
Nihal D. Salman ◽  
György Pillinger ◽  
Muammel M. Hanon ◽  
Péter Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Load Bearing Capacity ◽  
Soil Thickness ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Hard Layer ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
New Perspective

The applicability of the typical pressure–sinkage models used to characterize the soil’s bearing properties is limited to homogeneous soils (infinite thickness) that have no hard layer. At a given depth, a hard layer can have a considerable impact on the soil’s load-bearing capacity. It is thus necessary to alter the pressure–sinkage equation by taking this condition into account when assessing the load-bearing capacity. The present paper aims to determine a simple, high-fidelity model, in terms of soil characterization, that can account for the hard layer affection. To assess hard layer affection in this paper, a plate sinkage test (bevameter) was conducted on sandy loam soil. To this end, the soil was prepared by considering three bulk densities and two soil thickness levels at 7–9% moisture content levels. According to the results, this paper put forth a new perspective and related equations for characterizing bearing performance. The sinkage modulus (k) is an intrinsic soil parameter that has a determined unit of N/cm2 and is significant for managing the bearing performance. The results showed that the new modulus sinkage model incorporates the main factor of the rigid layer effect involving high fidelity that the conventional models have failed to account for.

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