A bioassay for prosulfocarb, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin detection and quantification in soil and crop residues

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaseen Khalil ◽  
Kadambot H. M. Siddique ◽  
Phil Ward ◽  
Colin Piggin ◽  
Sze How Bong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Loam Soil

Three experiments were conducted to develop a bioassay method for assessing the bioavailability of prosulfocarb, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin in both crop residue and soil. In preliminary experiments, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) were tested as bioassay plant species for the three pre-emergent herbicides. Four growth parameters (shoot length, root length, fresh weight and dry weight) were measured for all plant species. Shoot-length inhibition was identified as the most responsive to the herbicide application rates. Italian ryegrass was the most sensitive species to all tested herbicides, whereas beetroot and cucumber had lower and similar sensitivity to shoot inhibition for the three herbicides. The bioassay species performed similarly in wheat and canola residues collected a few days after harvest. In bioassay calibration experiments, dose–response curves were developed for prosulfocarb, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin in a sandy loam soil typical of the grain belt of Western Australia and with wheat residue. The developed bioassay uses ryegrass shoot inhibition for relatively low suspected concentrations of herbicide, and cucumber shoot inhibition for higher rates. The bioassay was validated by spraying the three herbicides separately onto wheat residue and soil and comparing the concentrations derived from chemical analysis with those from the bioassay. All of the linear correlations between concentrations derived from chemical analyses and the bioassays were highly significant. These results indicate that the bioassay calibration curves are suitable for estimating herbicide concentrations in crop residue collected soon after harvest and a sandy-loam soil, low in organic matter.

Crop residue ashes reduce leaching, persistence and bioavailability of sulfosulfuron and pretilachlor used in the succeeding crop

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anup Kumar ◽  
Neera Singh
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Culture Study ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Straw Ash

Ash produced during burning of crop biomass may affect the behaviour of herbicides applied in the crops sown after burning. Therefore, the effect of wheat straw ash (WSA) on pretilachlor and rice straw ash (RSA) on sulfosulfuron leaching, degradation and bioactivity in soils was studied. Both ash types reduced downward mobility of respective herbicides, but the effect varied with soil type and dose of ash. Effect was greater in the sandy loam soil because masking of ash was observed in the clay loam soil. Pretilachlor degradation studies indicated that the WSA enhanced degradation and effect was greater in the flooded soil where 0.2% ash reduced the half-life (t1/2) by nearly half, whereas increasing the ash content to 0.5% slightly increased the t1/2 values. The effect of RSA on sulfosulfuron degradation was significant in the sandy loam soil. A pot culture study in wheat also confirmed these results. The effect of the WSA on the bioavailability of sulfosulfuron was assayed by observing its effect on mustard seedlings and results suggested that even 0.1% WSA reduced herbicide availability. Burning of crop residues on field is a major concern due to air pollution, but also affects the fate of soil-applied herbicides. Our study has implications in assaying the role of crop ashes on pesticide fate in soils where crop residues are burned regularly.

Emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide associated with the decomposition of arable crop residues on a sandy loam soil in Eastern England

Agronomie ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 731-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Harrison ◽  
Sharon Ellis ◽  
Roy Cross ◽  
James Harrison Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Arable Crop ◽  
Loam Soil

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF CADMIUM ON GROWTH AND BIOCHEMICAL CONTENTS OF TOMATO PLANTS

1970 ◽  
pp. 04-06
Author(s):  
A. Natarajan, P. Vijayarengan ◽  
M. Vijayaragavan
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Phenol Content ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Biochemical Constituents ◽  
Root And Shoot Length ◽  
Soil Cadmium ◽  
Loam Soil

The increasing concentrations (10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg /kg) of soil cadmium on growth and biochemical contents in tomato plants were analysed on 30th sampling days. Control plants were maintained separately. Plants were grown in pots containing 3 kg of air dried sandy loam soil and treated with different concentrations (mg/kg) of cadmium (0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ). Treatments decreased the growth parameters such as root and shoot length  and biochemical constituents such as, protein,(except, proline and  phenol content) contents in tomato plants compared to untreated plants. The shoot length of cadmium treated tomato plants was higher than the root length. proline and phenol content of root of  tomato plants was higher than the shoot.

Carbon availability limits the denitrification potential of sandy loam soil from corn agroecosystems with long-term tillage and residue management

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Ejack ◽  
Joann K. Whalen ◽  
Chandra A. Madramootoo
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Carbon Availability ◽  
Denitrification Potential ◽  
Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Loam Soil

Conservation tillage and crop residues should increase the soluble organic carbon and nitrate concentration in agricultural soil, which increases the denitrification potential. Basal denitrification (72 h laboratory incubation) was 2.1–2.7 times higher in a sandy loam soil under 15 yr of conservation tillage than conventional tillage and 1.8–2.0 times higher with high-residue (additional input 8.6–9.4 Mg dry matter·ha−1·yr−1) than low-residue inputs. Adding glucose and nitrate increased the soil denitrification potential 3- to 14-fold. Denitrification was limited by carbon availability, even in soil with 15 yr of conservation tillage and high-residue inputs.

scholarly journals A framework for refining soil microbial indices as bioindicators during decomposition of various organic residues in a sandy loam soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 700-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Sharma ◽  
Jatinder Kaur ◽  
H. S. Thind ◽  
Yadvinder Singh ◽  
Neha Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Microbial Indices ◽  
Amended Soil

Assessment of soil quality is an invaluable tool in determining the sustainability and environmental impact of agricultural ecosystems. Soil microbial indices like microbial biomass and microbial activity are important criteria for the determination of soil quality. Laboratory incubation study was undertaken to examine the influence of eight crop residues widely varying in biochemical composition on the periodic changes in important soil microbial indices {(microbial (Cmic: Corg), metabolic (qCO2), carbon mineralization (qC) and microbial biomass change rate (qM) quotients)} at 28 days and 63 days after incubation (DAI) in a sandy loam soil. A. sativa amended soil showed maximum soil respiration rate (14.23 mg CO2-C g-1 soil day-1) whereas T. aestivum amended soil showed maximum microbial biomass C (790 µg/g). The metabolic quotient among different crop residues ranged from 11.1 to 19.8 μg CO2-C μg-biomass-C-1 h-1 at 63 DAI. The results indicate that incorporation of different crop residues has positive effect on microbial flora and their activity. Microbial quotient (Cmic:Corg) was significantly positively correlated with microbial biomass carbon (MBC), qC and qM. The study suggests that the biochemical composition of different crop residues seems to be of better option for long term sustainable crop production with maintenance of soil quality in a sandy loam soil.

Influence of Soil Moisture on Phytotoxicity of Cinmethylin to Various Crops

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Russell ◽  
Thomas J. Monaco ◽  
Jerome B. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Dry Soil

Field trials were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to determine the effects of moisture on cinmethylin activity. The herbicide was applied preemergence at rates of 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 kg ai ha−1to both dry and moist sandy loam soil, followed by varying irrigation regimes. Plant species used in the study included soybean, snap bean, cotton, peanut, and cucumber. Peanut was the most tolerant to cinmethylin, followed by cotton, soybean, snap bean, and cucumber. When cinmethylin was applied to a moist soil, less crop injury resulted than when it was applied to a dry soil. If 7.6 cm of water was applied shortly after cinmethylin application to a dry soil, severe crop injury occurred. When 2.5 cm of irrigation was applied within 8 h or at 5 days after cinmethylin application to a dry soil, crop injury was reduced when compared to applying 7.6 cm irrigation.

Factors Affecting Use of Activated Carbon to Improve Herbicide Selectivity

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Burr ◽  
W. O. Lee ◽  
A. P. Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Loam Soil

Under greenhouse conditions activated carbon, applied as a slurry at the time of seeding, protected Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorumLam.) seedlings from the toxicity of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) applied preemergence. Plants growing from seeds planted 1.3 cm deep received less protection from diuron than plants growing from seeds planted 0.6, 1.9, or 2.5 cm deep. Sandy loam soil required at least three times more activated carbon than a clay loam soil to obtain the same protection. Activated carbon applied at 130 kg/ha in a 2.5-cm band on the soil surface directly over the seeds provided adequate protection on a clay loam soil. On a sandy loam soil the 130-kg/ha rate was not adequate. Wetting agents added to aid in carbon wetting reduced the protective effect of activated carbon when added at 0.9 or 2.7% (v/v) but had only a slight effect on protection when added at 0.3% (v/v). The soil moisture level at the time of carbon application and the amount of subsequent irrigation did not influence the protection obtained with activated carbon.

Inhibition of wheat growth planted after glyphosate application to weeds

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-381
Author(s):  
Se Ji Jang ◽  
Carol Mallory-Smith ◽  
Yong In Kuk
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Wheat Shoot ◽  
Loam Soil

AbstractGlyphosate is easily translocated from shoots to roots and released into the rhizosphere. The objective of this study was to clarify the influence of glyphosate residues in the root tissue of glyphosate-treated weeds on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and shikimate accumulation. Foliar application to 5-leaf downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) planted in sandy loam soil reduced wheat (‘Tubbs 06’) shoot fresh weight by 37% to 46% compared with the control when seeds were planted 0 and 1 d after applications. With Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot], wheat shoot fresh weight was inhibited by 20% to 34% compared with the control at 0, 1, 3, and 5 d after applications to 1.5- and 5-leaf-stage plants. Using a different wheat cultivar (‘Stephens’), shoot fresh weight was inhibited by 19% to 43% when seeds were planted 0 d after glyphosate applications to 1.5-, 2-, and 5-leaf-stage B. tectorum and L. perenne planted in sandy loam soil compared with control. In contrast, some studies using treated L. perenne and B. tectorum planted in clay loam soil resulted in increases in wheat shoot fresh weight. Lolium perenne planted in water-saturated sandy loam soil showed no differences in either shoot or root fresh weight or shikimate accumulation in shoots or roots. Compared with the control plants, shikimate accumulation in roots increased 51- to 59-fold in wheat planted in sandy loam soil that previously contained B. tectorum and 13- to 49-fold in soil that previously contained L. perenne. In both studies, glyphosate was applied at the 1.5-leaf stage, and wheat seeds were sown 0, 1, and 3 d after glyphosate applications. Thus, plant damage caused by glyphosate was associated with increased shikimate accumulation in the root tissue. Overall, crop damage caused by glyphosate residue to target plants was strongly influenced by soil type, soil water conditions, glyphosate sensitivity, target weed species identity, and weed densities.

scholarly journals Effect of biofertilizers and phosphorus on growth parameters and yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in sandy loam soil of Prayagraj

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1&2) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
Jayshree K. ◽  
Umesha C.
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Loam Soil

A field experiment was carried out during Kharif, 2020 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P) on sandy loam soil to assess the effect of biofertilizers and phosphorus on growth parameters and yield of Cowpea. The design of field experiment was Randomized block design consisting of ten treatments each replicated thrice. Experimental results showed significant increase in growth parameter viz., Plant height (81.09 cm), number of branches (4.87), number of nodules (53.27), plant dry weight (30.43 g/plant), crop growth rate (12.59 g/m2/plant) and yield attributing parameters viz., pods/plant (14.73), seeds/ pod (8.85), 100-seed weight (8.02 g), seed yield (2.62 t/ha) and biological yield (9.07 t/ha) were recorded with dual inoculation of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza along with 55 kg phosphorus per hectare.

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