Great Plains Yucca (Yucca glauca) Control on Shortgrass Rangelands

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-195
Author(s):  
Walter H. Fick ◽  
Keith Harmoney
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Optimum Control ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Spray Volume

AbstractGreat Plains yucca is a native species that competes with forage plants for space and water and at high densities may warrant control. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of seven herbicides applied in the spring or fall for Great Plains yucca control. Six foliar herbicides applied by ground application at 187 L ha−1 spray volume, one herbicide applied to individual plant whorls, and a nontreated check were established in June and September of 2009 and 2011. Percent mortality was determined 12 to 16 mo after herbicide application. Most herbicides gave similar control between the 2 yr, with triclopyr in diesel applied to individual plant whorls at 10 g L−1 providing the greatest control at 83%. Most herbicides applied in June near the blooming stage of Great Plains yucca were more effective than September treatments. June treatments providing the greatest reduction in yucca densities were metsulfuron + dicamba + 2,4-D amine + 2,4-D low volatile ester (LVE) at 21 + 113 + 325 + 431 g ae ha−1, metsulfuron + aminopyralid + triclopyr at 49 + 9 + 227 g ha−1, metsulfuron + chlorsulfuron + 2,4-D LVE at 34 + 11 + 431 g ha−1, and metsulfuron + aminopyralid + 2,4-D LVE at 49 + 9 + 431 g ha−1. A single application of a foliar herbicide provided a maximum of 72% mortality of Great Plains yucca, suggesting that repeat application may be necessary to achieve optimum control.

Low-Dose Glyphosate Does Not Control Annual Bromes in the Northern Great Plains

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin K. Espeland ◽  
Robert Kilian
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Nontarget Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fall Application

AbstractAnnual bromes (downy brome and Japanese brome) have been shown to decrease perennial grass forage production and alter ecosystem functions in northern Great Plains rangelands. Large-scale chemical control might be a method for increasing rangeland forage production. Although fall application has been shown to be the most effective and least likely to impact co-occurring native species, spring germination of downy brome may reduce the efficacy of fall-only herbicide application. We assessed the impact of a low glyphosate dose rate (210 g ha−1) applied to rangelands in fall or in fall and spring on nontarget species and on annual brome abundance at two sites in eastern Montana over 2 yr. We tested the following hypotheses: (1) nontarget effects are greater with spring herbicide application, (2) fall and spring herbicide application are necessary for effective downy brome control, and (3) fall herbicide application is sufficient to control Japanese brome. Few nontarget effects occurred; two dicotyledonous species exhibited small increases in response to herbicide. We found that that a single fall application reduced downy brome cover and seed bank density, but after the second fall application in the following year, downy brome did not continue to show a response to herbicide. After 2 yr of fall herbicide application, Japanese brome had denser seed banks in plots where herbicide had been applied. Blanket glyphosate application on rangelands is an unreliable method for controlling annual brome invasions in the northern Great Plains.

Ecology of Mammals of the Shortgrass Steppe

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Stapp ◽  
Beatrice Van Horne
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Shortgrass Steppe ◽  
Prairie Dogs ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
And Function

At first glance, the shortgrass steppe seems to offer little in the way of habitat for mammals. The expansive rolling plains, with little topographic relief or vegetative cover, provide minimal protection from predators or the harsh weather typical of the region. The short stature of the dominant native grasses prevents the development of any significant litter layer, and although snowfall can often be significant, too little accumulates to form the subnivean habitats that support small mammal populations in forests and more productive grasslands in winter. As a consequence, ecologists have typically considered the vertebrate fauna of the shortgrass steppe to be depauperate compared with other Great Plains grasslands, a hardy collection of generalists living in sparse populations. Although this characterization may generally be accurate, it has led mammalian ecologists to overlook the fauna of the shortgrass steppe in favor of that of other grasslands. It is precisely these circumstances, however, that suggest that a long-term approach may be necessary to understand the dynamics of mammal populations here. Relatively few such studies have been completed to date, but we can use the comparative and experimental results that are available to begin to determine what factors might be important. Here we review research on mammals in the shortgrass steppe, with the goal of identifying the general patterns and processes that contribute to them. Our review is roughly divided into four parts. We begin by describing the mammal communities and their broad habitat associations in shortgrass steppe environments. We then review the history of mammal research in the region to synthesize what these studies (many unpublished) have taught us about the most important determinants of the distribution and abundance of native species. Studies of mammal\ populations in the northern shortgrass steppe have spanned nearly 40 years, and we next describe some major patterns that have emerged from studies during this period. Much of this past research focused on the role of mammals in the structure and function of shortgrass steppe ecosystems, and we revisit this issue in some detail, with special emphasis on the important and sometimes controversial role of prairie dogs and other burrowing rodents. Finally, we end by considering how humans, and especially agriculture and its related activities, affect the diversity, abundance, and persistence of resident mammal populations.

CONTROL OF THE EUROPEAN WIREWORM AGRIOTES OBSCURUS (L.) IN NOVA SCOTIA WITH INSECTICIDES APPLIED TO THE SOIL

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. S. Fox ◽  
G. G. Smeltzer
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Agriotes Obscurus ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
The Third ◽  
Untreated Check

The wireworm Agriotes obscurus (L.) was con trolled at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, with insecticides incorporated into the soil. Aldrin or heptachlor at 4 lb. per acre, and lindane at 1.25 lb., each significantly reduced the number of larvae per square foot and increased the yield of dry matter of forage for 3 years after application. A single application of aldrin or heptachlor at 3 lb. per acre resulted in increased yields of oats during the second season after application, and of leguminous forage plants during the third, but potatoes grown immediately after the application were not significantly less injured by wireworms than those grown on untreated check plots.

Impacts of erosion control treatments on native vegetation recovery after severe wildfire in the Eastern Cascades, USA

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich K. Dodson ◽  
David W. Peterson ◽  
Richy J. Harrod
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Plant Species Richness ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Vegetation Recovery ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Native Plant

Slope stabilisation treatments like mulching and seeding are used to increase soil cover and reduce runoff and erosion following severe wildfires, but may also retard native vegetation recovery. We evaluated the effects of seeding and fertilisation on the cover and richness of native and exotic plants and on individual plant species following the 2004 Pot Peak wildfire in Washington State, USA. We applied four seeding and three fertilisation treatments to experimental plots at eight burned sites in spring 2005 and surveyed vegetation during the first two growing seasons after fire. Seeding significantly reduced native non-seeded species richness and cover by the second year. Fertilisation increased native plant cover in both years, but did not affect plant species richness. Seeding and fertilisation significantly increased exotic cover, especially when applied in combination. However, exotic cover and richness were low and treatment effects were greatest in the first year. Seeding suppressed several native plant species, especially disturbance-adapted forbs. Fertilisation, in contrast, favoured several native understorey plant species but reduced tree regeneration. Seeding, even with native species, appears to interfere with the natural recovery of native vegetation whereas fertilisation increases total plant cover, primarily by facilitating native vegetation recovery.

Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum) Control

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jeffrey Mullahey ◽  
John A. Cornell ◽  
Danny L. Colvin
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Tropical Soda Apple ◽  
Solanum Viarum ◽  
Plant Treatment

Hexazinone (1.12 kg ai/ha), triclopyr (1.12 kg ai/ha), metsulfuron (0.008 kg ai/ha), dichlorprop + 2,4-D, glyphosate (2.8%), and triclopyr (2%) + diesel oil (98%), applied as a broadcast or spot (individual plant) treatment, were evaluated over two years in south Florida for tropical soda apple (TSA) control and their effects on grass ground cover. For broadcast treatments, triclopyr (98%) and hexazinone (93%), had significantly (P < 0.05) higher percent control of marked TSA plants 90 d after herbicide application. However, triclopyr (99%) had significantly higher grass ground cover than hexazinone (78%). Hexazinone severely damaged Pangola digitgrass, but had no effect on bahiagrass. For spot treatments, dichlorprop + 2,4-D (100%) had the highest percent total control of TSA and least effect on grass ground cover (96%) 90 d after herbicide application, followed by glyphosate (96% control) and triclopyr + diesel oil (95% control). Based on acceptable (>90%) TSA control and grass ground cover, triclopyr broadcast or dichlorprop + 2,4-D spot provided the greatest control. With either application method, repeated herbicide applications will be necessary to eliminate TSA because of rapid seedling emergence following control of existing plants.

Variation in phytolith assemblages within a population of corn (cv. Mandan Yellow Flour)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1638-1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan C. Mulholland ◽  
George Rapp Jr. ◽  
Amy L. Ollendorf ◽  
Ronald Regal
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Leaf Position ◽  
Plant Group ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Multiple Samples

This project investigates the effects of leaf side, leaf position, individual plant, and hill (or plant group) on phytolith assemblages from Zea mays L. cultivar Mandan Yellow Flour. Thirty-two samples were examined, and 200 phytoliths were classified from each sample. Statistical analysis indicates that leaf side is significant at the 0.05 level above random counting variation; leaf position, individual plant, and hill are not generally significant beyond the effect of leaf side. Analysis of a single sample, either a half or entire leaf, is not sufficient for compilation of representative phytolith assemblages from a plant population. Phytolith reference collections should not be based on single samples of each species. Multiple samples from a population need to be analyzed to obtain information on assemblage variation within the population. The variation of corn phytolith assemblages in this study overlaps those of many Panicoid grasses, indicating that additional morphological characters need to be identified to distinguish corn from wild grasses in the Great Plains. Key words: phytoliths, corn, frequencies, variation.

scholarly journals Curative and Protectant Activity of Fungicides for Control of Crown Rot of Strawberry Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 815-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. MacKenzie ◽  
J. C. Mertely ◽  
N. A. Peres
Keyword(s):  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Season Interaction ◽  
Lower Plant

The ability of fungicides to control Colletotrichum crown rot of strawberry caused by C. gloeosporioides was examined over three seasons. A single application of each fungicide was made 2 days before inoculation (2 DBI) or 1 day after inoculation (1 DAI) with conidial suspensions of C. gloeosporioides. The proportion of plants collapsed on one date at the end of each season was evaluated. In a combined analysis, there was a significant fungicide treatment-season interaction (P = 0.004). Percent mortality was 64% over 3 years in control plots that were inoculated with C. gloeosporioides but not treated with fungicide. Captan applied 2 DBI consistently reduced plant mortality (mean mortality = 17%). However, it was not as effective when applied 1 DAI (mean mortality = 46%). Azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, and thiophanate-methyl all reduced plant mortality relative to the control if applied 2 DBI (mean mortality = 46% for azoxystrobin, 37% for pyraclostrobin, and 41% for thiophanate-methyl) or 1 DAI (mean mortality = 29% for azoxystrobin, 27% for pyraclostrobin, and 32% for thiophanate-methyl). Results indicated that these fungicides were more effective when applied 1 DAI; however, lower plant mortality was not always observed with postinoculation applications. Cyprodinil + fludioxonil reduced mortality relative to the control, but there was no consistent evidence that it was more effective when applied at 2 DBI (mean mortality = 39%) than when applied 1 DAI (mean mortality = 40%). Similarly, mortality in plots treated with thiram 2 DBI (mean mortality = 30%) or 1 DAI (mean mortality = 32%) was not different. Potassium phosphite did not affect mortality, regardless of the timing of application (2 DBI mean mortality = 61%, 1 DAI mean mortality = 67%). The results indicated that an effective strategy for controlling Colletotrichum crown rot caused by C. gloeosporioides should be based on weekly applications of captan throughout the growing season. Azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, or thiophanate-methyl applications should be applied when weather conditions are highly favorable for disease development and the activity of contact fungicides such as captan or thiram might be compromised.

Effect of Temperature and Moisture on Quinclorac Soil Half-life and Resulting Native Grass and Forb Establishment

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney G. Lym
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Native Grass

Quinclorac will control leafy spurge and not injure many established native grasses and forbs. Seeding of desirable species is often required to reestablish native vegetation after an invasive weed-management program, but quinclorac residue may inhibit the reestablishment of native species. Greenhouse studies were conducted to estimate quinclorac dissipation rates in Northern Great Plains soils and the effect of residue on establishment of some native grass and broadleaf plants. Quinclorac 50% dissipation time (DT50) ranged from > 21 to 112 d in four soils from the Northern Great Plains. The quinclorac DT50 was dependent on several factors including soil type, moisture content, temperature, and especially organic matter (OM). Across four different soil textures, quinclorac dissipation generally increased as soil moisture content increased, but moisture had less of an impact in low OM soils. Quinclorac dissipation also increased as temperature increased in the four soils. The most rapid dissipation occurred in soils with higher OM (> 6%), with an average DT50 of < 38 d, at 45% moisture content, held at 16 C. Wild bergamot, purple coneflower, blanketflower, and stiff goldenrod seedling growth were all reduced by quinclorac residue at 6 μg kg−1, the lowest concentration evaluated in the study. The native grass species big bluestem, intermediate wheatgrass, and switchgrass generally were tolerant of quinclorac, but green needlegrass was sensitive, and seedling growth declined as quinclorac residue increased from 6 to 375 μg kg−1. Based on a quinclorac application of 840 kg ha−1 and 150 frost-free d, seeding of sensitive forbs and grasses should be delayed at least 12 mo after herbicide application.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document