Comparative Study of Artificial Intelligence Techniques for the Diagnosis of Chronic Nerve Diseases

Farming is essential to the long-term viability of any economy. It differs in each country, but it is essential for long-term economic success. Only a few of the agricultural industry’s issues include a lack of suitable irrigation systems, weeds, and plant monitoring concerns as a consequence of efficient management in distinct open and closed zones for crop and plant treatment. The objective of this work is to carry out a study on the use of artificial intelligence and computer vision methods for diagnosis of diseases in agro sectors in the context of agribusiness, demonstrating the feasibility of using these techniques as tools to support automation and obtain productivity gains in this sector. During the literary analysis, it was determined that technology could improve efficiency, hence decreasing these types of concerns. Given the consequences of a wrong diagnosis, diagnosis is work that requires a high level of precision. Fuzzy cognitive maps were shown to be the most efficient method of utilizing bibliographically reviewed preferences, which led to the consideration of neural networks as a second option because this technique is the most robust in terms of the qualifying criteria of the data stored in databases.

Herbicide effectiveness — a mean to improve quality of maize grain

Исследования влияния системного применения гербицидов при ресурсосберегающей обработке почвы на качественные показатели зерна кукурузы проведены на землях ОАО «Агросоюз» Рузаевского района Республики Мордовия в 2014–2016 годах. Установлено, что обработка посевов гербицидом «Дублон» (1,2 л/га) и баковой смесью «Дублон Голд» (0,07 кг/га) + «Балерина» (0,25 л/га) способствовала повышению содержания сырого протеина в зерне до 93,67 и 94,97 г/кг соответственно. Анализ содержания жира в зерне кукурузы выявил, что наибольшим оно было в контрольном варианте. Внесение препаратов «Дублон», «Дублон Супер», «Дублон Голд» и их сочетаний с «Балериной» статистически достоверно снижало концентрацию жира. Используемые пестициды достоверного влияния на увеличение содержания крахмала в зерне кукурузы не оказывали. Содержание клетчатки снижалось: при использовании препаратов «Дублон Супер», «Дублон Голд» и «Дублон» + «Балерина» её уровень был ниже контроля на 5–10%. В результате увеличения урожайности зерна кукурузы за счёт высокой эффективности гербицидов во всех вариантах опыта возрастал сбор протеина с 0,51 до 0,75 т/га. В исследованиях также установлено, что в вариантах с применением баковых смесей гербицидов «Дублон + «Балерина» и «Дублон Голд» + «Балерина» по сравнению с контролем валовой сбор крахмала, сахара, сырого жира был наивысшим. Между содержанием в зерне кукурузы сырого протеина, клетчатки, сырого жира, сахара и крахмала наблюдалась достоверная слабая положительная зависимость. Гербициды группы «Дублон» повышали концентрацию сахара до 32,6–33,3 г/кг. В результате повышенного содержания жира в зерне кукурузы уровень валовой энергии был наивысшим в контрольном варианте — 19,37 МДж/кг. При внесении гербицидов она снижалась вследствие повышения доли белка в органическом веществе зерна кукурузы. The investigation was carried out at the OAO “Agrosoyuz” (the Ruzaevskiy district, Republic of Mordovia) in 2014–2016. The effect of herbicide application was tested on maize under minimum tillage. Plant treatment with “Dublon” (1.2 l ha-1) as well as the mixture of “Dublon Gold” (0.07 kg ha-1) and “Balerina” (0.25 l ha-1) increased crude protein in grain up to 93.67 and 94.97 g/kg, respectively. The highest fat content was observed in the control. Application of “Dublon”, “Dublon Super”, “Dublon Gold” and their mixtures with “Balerina” significantly reduced fat accumulation. The preparations had no significant impact on starch formation. “Dublon Super”, “Dublon Gold” and “Dublon” + “Balerina” reduced fiber content by 5–10%. As a result of herbicide use grain productivity increased, and protein yield raised from 0.51 to 0.75 l ha-1. Mixtures of “Dublon” + “Balerina” as well as “Dublon Gold” + “Balerina” provided the highest gross yields of starch, sugar, and crude fat. Significant positive correlation was observed among crude protein, fiber, fat, sugars and starch. The “Dublon” herbicides positively affected sugar concentration up to 32.6–33.3 g/kg. Due to higher fat content gross energy yield was the highest in the control — 19.37 MJ/kg. Herbicide treatment reduced gross energy due to the higher protein content in grain organic matter.

Natural Products: Ray of Hope for Anxiety Disorders

Background: Anxiety, a familiar form of psychiatric disorder, influences numerous persons throughout the world. These psychological disorders frequently need an enduring regime of recommended medicines and impose huge costs on human societies. For the last few decenniums, discovery in the field of natural neurophysiology garnered a lot of recognition because of its least side effects. Objective: Many people find it helpful to discover an effective herbal remedy for anxiety with fewer detrimental repercussions. The purpose of the present article is to report medicinal plant species used as anti-anxiety agents, which in turn, are helpful to develop new anti-anxiety herbal formulations. Method: An unlimited, semantic electronic and manual exploration of PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, ISI, Google Scholar, Elsevier's abstract and citation database, and the database libraries was carried using keywords such as medicinal plants, herbal drugs, traditional medicine, and anxiety for recognizing natural medications in the management of anxiety disorders. Results: Literary review collected the information of potential anti-anxiety plants. Data support the effectiveness of some popular herbal remedies by indicating high-quality scientific studies and support several clinically efficacious natural plants as anxiolytics. Conclusion: Evidence-based studies indicate that natural plant treatment is an efficient way to manage anxiety disorders; the benefits outweigh the risks.

Effects of different treatments of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the growth & physiological characteristics of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is an aquatic perennial plant with various values, such as ornamental flowers, vegetables, food, and herbal medicine. It is cultivated and consumed throughout the different regions in Vietnam as a symbol associated with local culture. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of four other treatments of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the growth of lotus in crop 2021. In the present study, we examined the effects of 4 treatments: control - no AgNPs (CT), treating the soil with AgNPs 4mg/L 5 days before planting (T1), treating plants with AgNPs 4mg/L before planting (T2), and a combination of soil treatment, plant treatment, and periodic foliar application at 4mg/L (T3). The results show that AgNPs application by different methods significantly increased plant height, leaf diameter, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf weight, and some biochemical aspects compared with the control. Furthermore, exposure to AgNPs elevated the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD). Among the different of AgNPs applications, plants treated with T3 showed the highest efficiency. In addition, the chlorophyll content and diameter of floating and upright leaves were positively correlated with dry leaf mass. Thus, the current use of AgNPs in agricultural sciences offers the prospect of researching their impact on various plants in the future.

The effect of the growth regulator “Tsirkon” and microfertilizer “Akvamiks ST” on blue lupine productivity

Исследования выполнялись в 2018–2020 годах на опытном поле ВНИИ люпина – филиала ФГБНУ ФНЦ «ВИК им. В. Р. Вильямса» в почвенно-климатических условиях юго-западной части Нечернозёмной зоны. В статье представлены результаты исследований применения новых для люпина узколистного препаратов: регулятора роста «Циркон» и микроудобрения «Аквамикс СТ». Дана оценка их совместного действия на показатели роста, фотосинтез, азотфиксацию, урожайность, качество зерна люпина узколистного сорта Витязь. Совместное использование препаратов усиливало развитие растений, о чём свидетельствует увеличение в вариантах опыта массы клубеньков на растении на 7,0–24,1%, площади листьев — на 22,5–29,4%, сбора сухой массы — на 10,5–28,9%. В среднем за годы исследований бόльшими значениями фотосинтетического потенциала характеризовались варианты, включающие предпосевную обработку семян совместно регулятором роста и микроудобрением. Превышение над контролем находилось в пределах от 22,1 до 30,2%. Обработки препаратами оказывали положительное влияние на накопление азота клубеньками. Максимальным накоплением характеризовался вариант с комплексной обработкой семян регулятором и микроудобрением с последующим опрыскиванием регулятором роста по вегетации. Превышение над контролем составило 5,7%. Условия вегетации в годы исследований не благоприятствовали полной реализации процесса азотфиксации, тем не менее использование «Аквамикса СТ» и «Циркона» способствовало повышению коэффициента азотфиксации. В вариантах опыта этот показатель был выше контроля в среднем на 20,7%. Применение регулятора роста «Циркон» и микроудобрения «Аквамикс СТ» стимулировало рост урожайности семян во всех вариантах. В среднем за годы исследований достоверными прибавками характеризовались варианты, включающие предпосевную комплексную обработку семян «Цирконом» и «Аквамиксом СТ», но максимальной она была в варианте с дополнительной обработкой растений в фазе бутонизации регулятором роста — выше контроля на 24,1%. The investigation took place in the south-west of the Non-Chernozem region in 2018–2020. The article reports on the effectiveness of the growth regulator “Tsirkon” and microfertilizer “Akvamiks ST”. The following parameters of blue lupine “Vityaz” were evaluated: growth, photosynthetic activity, nitrogen fixation, productivity, and grain quality. Combination of “Tsirkon” with “Akvamiks ST” positively affected plant development, increased nodule mass by 7.0–24.1%, leaf area — by 22.5–29.4%, dry mass yield — by 10.5–28.9%. Seed treatment with growth regulator as well as application of the microfertilizer led to a higher photosynthetic activity of lupine plants by 22.1–30.2%. The preparations had positive effect on nitrogen accumulation. The highest N content was observed under seed and plant treatments with the growth regulator combined with the application of microfertilizer. The increase in N concentration amounted to 5.7%. Even though weather conditions did not favor N fixation, application of “Tsirkon” with “Akvamiks ST” improved this process by 20.7%. “Tsirkon” and “Akvamiks ST” increased seed productivity in all the variants. The highest productivity occurred under the additional plant treatment with the growth regulator exceeding the control by 24.1%.

Output Variation of Trigger Pump Sprayers used for Individual Plant Treatments

Individual plant treatment (IPT) techniques (e.g., basal bark, cut stump, hack and squirt) are used for woody invasive plant management and often rely on small trigger pump spray bottles as an economical and efficient way to deliver an herbicide to the target species. Worldwide, plastic suppliers produce many models and designs with a wide range of uses including pesticide application. However, spray bottle performance has rarely been examined in relation to IPT techniques for operational invasive plant management. We tested ten commonly available spray bottles for trigger output and variation over repeated strokes. We also examined sustained trigger sprayer performance over a six-week period for spray bottles containing water or basal oil carriers, blended with amine and ester formulations of triclopyr, respectively. In the first study, we found significant differences in spray output per stroke between almost every bottle tested. Almost all spray bottle brands yielded outputs greater than 1.0 ml per stroke which exceeds the maximum application amount specified for hack and squirt. Several bottles produced an output of greater than 2.5 ml per stroke. In the second study, the output per stroke was reduced for basal oil mixes, with significant reductions measured for two brands by 21 days and for all three brands tested by 42 days after mixing. These results indicate that consumer-grade trigger sprayers are likely to depreciate rapidly with routine operational use without proper hygiene maintenance. Even then it is likely that these application devices may need to be replaced several times annually. Trigger pump spray bottles are an economical and practical solution for remote field operation and volunteer weed control activities. These sprayers are most suitable for spray-to-wet techniques such as basal bark and cut surface treatments but may potentially be less suited for hack and squirt application which often requires sub-ml precision.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE OF SUNFLOWER CROPS STRUCTURE IN TECHNOLOGIES WITH RETARDANTS APPLICATION

The results of experimental studies to determine the actual changes in stem height, plant productivity and sunflower yield depending on the plant density and different variants of retardant application are presented in the article. The research was carried out in a model field experiment with a density gradient from 19.84 to 160.0 thousand plant / ha. The aim of the research was to determine the optimal parameters of the crop structure of new sunflower Choral hybrid in the technology with retardant application. It has been established that the optimal variant for ensuring the technological parameters of the plant height of the Choral hybrid in the northeastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine was the complex application of Moddus retardant according to the scheme "seed treatment + plant treatment in the phase of 8-10 leaves". To maintain the basic level of yield, it is proposed to increase the calculated indicators of the final (pre-harvest) crop density from 56.5 to 73.1 thousand plants / ha.

Influence of growth regulators on seed output in melon seed breeding

В статье представлены результаты изучения применения регуляторов роста Циркон и Гумат калия при выращивании дыни на семенные цели. Цель исследования: разработка новых агротехнических приемов выращивания дыни, направленных на увеличение выхода семян с единицы площади, высокого качества и сортовой чистоты. Исследования проводили в 2019–2020 годах на Быковской бахчевой селекционной опытной станции – филиале ФГБНУ «Федеральный научный центр овощеводства», расположенной в Волгоградской области РФ. Объект исследований – среднеспелый сорт дыни Осень. Опыты закладывали в соответствии с общепринятыми методическими указаниями. Расход препаратов был выбран в соответствии с рекомендациями производителя. Норма рабочего раствора – 300 л/га. Схема посева 2,1×1,0 м. Предшественник – пар. Установлено, что применение регуляторов роста в системе семеноводства дыни – эффективный прием получения качественного семенного материала на светло-каштановых почвах Волгоградского Заволжья. Максимальный выход семян с единицы площади в 2019 году был получен в варианте с применением препарата Циркон для обработки вегетирующих растений – 157,4 кг/га, что на 14,2% больше по сравнению с контролем и на 4,6% больше по сравнению с вариантом обработки растений Гуматом калия. В 2020 году наибольший урожай семян дыни был получен в варианте с применением препарата Циркон для обработки растений, что на 6,5–21,5% больше по сравнению с другими изучаемыми препаратами и способами их применения. Сравнительная оценка массы 1000 семян в 2019 году показала, что самые высокие показатели также были отмечены в варианте с применением препарата Циркон для обработки растений, что на 3,5% больше по сравнению с вариантом обработки растений Гуматом калия и на 18,2% больше по сравнению с контролем. Аналогичные данные по массе 1000 семян были получены и в 2020 году. The article presents the results of studying the use of growth regulators Zircon and Potassium Humate in the cultivation of melon for seed purposes. The purpose of the study: to develop new agrotechnical methods of growing melons aimed at increasing the yield of seeds per unit area, high quality and varietal purity. The research was carried out in 2019–2020 at the Bykovsky melon selective experimental station – the branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing», located in the Volgograd Region of the Russian Federation. The object of research is a medium-ripened variety of melon Osen. The experiments were laid in accordance with generally accepted methodological guidelines. The consumption of herbal drugs was selected in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. The norm of the working solution is 300 l/ha. The seeding scheme is 2.1×1.0 m. The predecessor is complete fallow. It is established that the use of growth regulators in the melon seed production system is an effective method for obtaining high-quality seed material on light chestnut soils of the Volgograd Volga region. The maximum yield of seeds per unit area in 2019 was obtained in the variant with the use of the drug Zircon for the treatment of vegetative plants – 157.4 kg/ha, which is 14.2% more compared to the control and 4.6% more compared to the variant of plant treatment with Potassium Humate. In 2020, the largest yield of melon seeds was obtained in the variant with the use of the herbal drug Zircon for plant treatment, which is 6.5–21.5% more compared to other studied herbal drugs and methods of their use. A comparative assessment of the mass of 1000 seeds in 2019 showed that the highest rates were also noted in the variant with the use of the drug Zircon for plant treatment, which is 3.5% more compared to the variant of plant treatment with Potassium Humate and 18.2% more compared to the control. Similar data on the weight of 1000 seeds were obtained in 2020.

DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMAL OZONATION MODE FOR WINTER GARLIC PLANTING MATERIAL

The study was carried out at the Institute of Vegetable and Melon Farming of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and the Department of Low-Temperature Non-equilibrium Plasma Chemistry of the NSC "Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine using the varieties of winter garlic, such as Duchess and Merefyanskiy white. Pre-plant treatment with four-time repeatability was carried out 3-5 days before planting using an OzW Stream Ozone TM ozone generator. Laboratory studies of fungal diseases Fusarium and Penicillium progress on the treated material were carried out with four-time repeatability in wet chambers. The effect of ozone concentration of 10, 50, and 100 PPM and exposure time of 10, 60, and 180 min on infestation of garlic with black and green mold was studied.