scholarly journals Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome: Definition, Staging, and Ultrasound Assessment

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eftichia Kontopoulos ◽  
Ramen H. Chmait ◽  
Ruben A. Quintero
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Cervical Length ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ultrasound Evaluation ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
English Medical Literature ◽  
Ultrasound Assessment ◽  
Definition Of

Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the definition of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and the sonographic diagnostic assessment of these cases prior to therapy.Materials and Methods: The article addresses the terminology used to refer to the condition and describes the systematic ultrasound assessment of the condition, including the ultrasound diagnosis, the staging of the disease, cervical assessment and pre-operative mapping.Results: From an etymologic and medical point of view, the term ‘fetofetal transfusion’ is more appropriate than ‘TTTS’. However, as the latter, and its attendant acronym TTTS, have been widely adopted in the English language, it is impractical to change at this point. TTTS is defined sonographically in the combined presence of a maximum vertical pocket (MVP) of 8 cm or greater in one sac and 2 cm or less in the other sac, regardless of the gestational age at diagnosis. Staging of the condition using the Quintero staging system is practical, reproducible, and accepted. Transvaginal cervical length assessment should be an integral part of the ultrasound evaluation. Pre-operative mapping to anticipate the location of the placental vascular anastomoses and avoid injuring the dividing membrane is also discussed.Conclusions: The term ‘TTTS’ can continue to be used in the English medical literature. The condition can be diagnosed and assessed following a systematic ultrasound methodology. The use of such ultrasound methodology breaks the examination into a distinct set of components, assuring a comprehensive examination and proper communication among caregivers.

Definitions, classification, epidemiology, and risk factors of acute kidney injury

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. J. Hoste ◽  
John A. Kellum ◽  
Norbert Lameire
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Acute Kidney Injury Network ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Binary Descriptor ◽  
Staging Systems ◽  
Definition Of

The lack of a precise biochemical definition of acute kidney injury (AKI) resulted in at least 35 definitions in the medical literature, which gave rise to a wide variation in reported incidence and clinical significance of AKI, impeded a meaningful comparison of studies.The first part of this chapter describes and discusses different definitions and classification systems of AKI. Patient outcome and the need for renal replacement therapy are directly related to the severity of AKI, an observation that supports the use of a categorical staging system rather than a simple binary descriptor. The severity of AKI is commonly characterized using the relative changes in serum creatinine and urine output. Recently introduced staging systems including the RIFLE classification and the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) use these relatively simple and readily available parameters allowing the assignment of individual patients to different AKI stages. More recently, a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) workgroup developed a consensus-based AKI staging system drawing elements of both RIFLE and AKIN. The potential pitfalls and limitations of the proposed definitions and classifications are briefly described.The second part of the chapter describes the epidemiology of AKI in different clinical settings; the intensive care unit (ICU), the hospitalized population, and the community. The different spectrum of AKI in the emerging countries is discussed and the most important causes and aetiologies of the major clinical types of AKI, prerenal, renal, and post-renal are summarized in table form. Finally the patient survival and renal functional outcome of AKI are briefly discussed

scholarly journals SEMANTIC SHIFTS IN THE COVIDETERMINOLOGICAL FIELD OF THE FRENCH MEDICAL TERMINOLOGICAL SYSTEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
Galina V. Оvchinnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
English Language ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Medical Discourse ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Component Decomposition ◽  
Medical Term ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function

The article first defines the concept of «co-terminological field» and establishes its place and function in the medical terminological system. The factual material based on special medical literature, media texts and lexicographic sources allows us to fill in the gap in the conceptual apparatus in the French medical discourse and clarify the definition of the medical term. Word-formation analysis and word-formation synthesis in combination with component decomposition of the seminal composition formed the basis of the methodology for studying the structure and semantics of Covid terms in modern French. The allocation of the central and peripheral axes of the lexical-semantic field contributes to the codification and semantic variability of Covid terminology. Borrowed words from the English language occupy a special place in the term group under consideration, which are more easily assimilated in the French word-production system as letter abbreviations, but are replaced by French equivalents at the lexical level.

Conflict and Fake Information in American Political Discourse

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
N. Greydina ◽  
V. Stulov
Keyword(s):  
Political Communication ◽  
English Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Conflict Information ◽  
Language Context

The research article represents the notion and term “information warfare” taking into consideration numerous scientific schools and developed interpretations with their further classification. The authors also give their own definition of the notion. The adjective use relevance (“false”) in the Russian language information context is linguistically justified unlike the English language context reflecting the notions “false” and “fake” as suitable ones for the language and speech usage. The notion “conflict information” is introduced as a communicative unit with a high pragmatic potential in the spheres of information and political communication. The notions “fake” and “deep fake” are compared. The pragmatic communicative potential of fake information is clarified and developed. The notions and terms diversity based on “fake information”, “fake news” is pointed out within the research article. The authors’ classification of information fakes with distinguishing the corresponding categories and their communicative analysis is provided. The notion “alternative fact” is analyzed from the communicative point of view and contrastive approach usage. Different means of fake information identification are distinguished.

LINGUISTIC AND PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH MEDICAL TV-SERIES INTO UKRAINIAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (31) ◽  
pp. 342-359
Author(s):  
Tetiana Savich ◽  
Anna Shapoval ◽  
Olena Velychenko
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Its Sequence ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Translation Analysis ◽  
Pragmatic Aspect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

The research is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the lingvo-pragmatic aspect of translation and is presented on the example of an English-language television series of medical focus called “House, M. D.” and its translation, analysis of various types of transformations, definition of the specifics of the translation and its sequence. The relevance of the topic presented is based on the need for a detailed study of the lexical, grammatical, syntactic, extralinguistic, paralinguistic features of the translation of English-language films. This topic is important for both Ukrainian and foreign translators, because it is necessary to know the basic subtleties and unforeseen situations in the translation process in order to overcome them as best as possible and achieve a highquality and adequate result. Also, the relevance of this topic contributes to the improvement of the level of professional activity of both interpreters and translators. The aim of the study is to evolve the specifics of the use of translation aids and translation operations for adequate reproduction of English-language medical films. The studied type of the text is characterized, certain difficulties in translation are highlighted, the difference between the texts of the English and Ukrainian languages from a grammatical point of view, lexical inequality are noted, various ways of revealing emotionality and expressiveness as an auxiliary tool of human communication are noted. The expediency of using translation transformations has been determined and the most common of them are quantitatively presented.

scholarly journals Dealing with the Surgical and Medical Challenges of Penetrating Brain Injuries

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Syrmos ◽  
Mario Ganau ◽  
Antonella De Carlo ◽  
Lara Prisco ◽  
Laura Ganau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Construction Site ◽  
Inappropriate Treatment ◽  
English Medical Literature ◽  
Flow Charts ◽  
Work Accidents ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Peacetime has reduced the overall incidence of penetrating brain injuries (PBI), and those related to missile penetration are not common anymore at least in western countries. Nevertheless, PBI still occur, and car crashes or work accidents are their main causes. The management of such cases is characterized by many challenges, not only from a surgical and medical point of view, but also for the different and sometimes bizarre dynamics by which they present. Herein we report an unusual deep penetrating brain injury, due to a high-energy crash against a metallic rod in a construction site, with a good surgical outcome despite dramatic clinical conditions on admission. A discussion of the surgical results and functional outcome related to PBI, as found in the English medical literature, is provided. Moreover the most common postoperative complications along with the diagnostic flow charts and therapeutic options useful to prevent inappropriate treatment are highlighted.

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF THE METAPHORS RENDERING IN TEXTS OF PUBLICISTIC STYLE

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (86) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hataliia Glinka ◽  
◽  
Olena Horodylovska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Political Literature ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Current Events ◽  
Logical Content ◽  
Figure Of Speech ◽  
Language Styles ◽  
Definition Of

The article is devoted to the analysis of the conceptual approach to the definition of the concept of metaphor; considering the conditions of effective translation of the metaphor and awareness of its lexical-semantic and expressive-evaluative content. The study systematizes the frequency metaphors usage in the field of English publicistic discourse. The main methods of metaphor translation in the field of publicistic style of English, as well as the functioning of metaphor are considered. In the course of our research, a number of issues related to the metaphors rendering in English-language publicistic texts were considered. The publicistic style is used in political literature and is represented by mass media – newspapers, magazines, radio, television and documentary films. It deals with a wide range of topics of politics, economy, ideology, philosophy, culture, sport, everyday life, current events, which are covered in the light of certain ideological aims. The general aim of publicistic style is to make a deep influence on public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, essays or article nor merely by logical argumentation but by emotional appeal as well. In different language styles, especially in the publicistic style, language tools are widely used, which enhance the effectiveness of expression due to the fact that their logical content is added to different expressive and emotional nuances. The language of publicistic style differs from all others primarily in that it performs an aesthetic function. One of the most widely used tropes in publicistic style is a "metaphor". It is a figure of speech that identifies something as being the same as some unrelated thing, for rhetorical effect, thus highlighting the similarities between the two. Metaphor is a widely used linguistic tool in a publicistic text, according to O. Filimonova, it is one of the dominants of speech. This is due to its high evaluative potential, its imagery, the ability to effectively implement the author's intention and influence the audience. The methods of metaphor translation are dominated by the principle of preserving a similar metaphorical image (80%), the principle of paraphrasing (15%) and replacing the equivalent metaphor in the language of translation (5%).

Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Bulajić ◽  
Miomir Despotović ◽  
Thomas Lachmann
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Functional Illiteracy ◽  
Scale Levels ◽  
Components Of Reading ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract. The article discusses the emergence of a functional literacy construct and the rediscovery of illiteracy in industrialized countries during the second half of the 20th century. It offers a short explanation of how the construct evolved over time. In addition, it explores how functional (il)literacy is conceived differently by research discourses of cognitive and neural studies, on the one hand, and by prescriptive and normative international policy documents and adult education, on the other hand. Furthermore, it analyses how literacy skills surveys such as the Level One Study (leo.) or the PIAAC may help to bridge the gap between cognitive and more practical and educational approaches to literacy, the goal being to place the functional illiteracy (FI) construct within its existing scale levels. It also sheds more light on the way in which FI can be perceived in terms of different cognitive processes and underlying components of reading. By building on the previous work of other authors and previous definitions, the article brings together different views of FI and offers a perspective for a needed operational definition of the concept, which would be an appropriate reference point for future educational, political, and scientific utilization.

Tauchnitz for Translators. The Circulation of English-language Literature in Finland

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 161-179
Author(s):  
Outi Paloposki
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
English Language ◽  
Book History ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Book Production ◽  
German Publisher ◽  
Language Literature ◽  
Selection Of

The article looks at book production and circulation from the point of view of translators, who, as purchasers and readers of foreign-language books, are an important mediating force in the selection of literature for translation. Taking the German publisher Tauchnitz's series ‘Collection of British Authors’ and its circulation in Finland in the nineteenth and early twentieth century as a case in point, the article argues that the increased availability of English-language books facilitated the acquiring and honing of translators' language skills and gradually diminished the need for indirect translating. Book history and translation studies meet here in an examination of the role of the Collection in Finnish translators' work.

Dosimetry and optimization in digital radiography based on the contrast-detail resolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Otto Gomes Batista ◽  
Alexandre Gomes De Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Inverse Image ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Direct Radiography ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Entrance Surface Air Kerma

Contrast-detail (C-D) curves are useful in evaluating the radiographic image quality in a global way. The objective of the present study was to obtain the C-D curves and the inverse image quality figure. Both of these parameters were used as an evaluation tool for abdominal and chest imaging protocols. The C-D curves were obtained with the phantom CDRAD 2.0 in computerized radiography and the direct radiography systems (including portable devices). The protocols were 90 and 102 kV in the range of 2 to 20 mAs for the chest and 80 kV in the range of 10 to 80 mAs for the abdomen. The incident air kerma values were evaluated with a solid state sensor. The analysis of these C-D curves help to identify which technique would allow a lower value of the entrance surface air kerma, Ke, while maintaining the image quality from the point of view of C-D detectability. The results showed that the inverse image quality figure, IQFinv, varied little throughout the range of mAs, while the value of Ke varied linearly directly with the mAs values. Also, the complete analysis of the curves indicated that there was an increase in the definition of the details with increasing mAs. It can be concluded that, in the transition phase for the use of the new receptors, it is necessary to evaluate and adjust the practised protocols to ensure, at a minimum, the same levels of the image quality, taking into account the aspects of the radiation protection of the patient.

Problems in English Communicating Skills for Learners of English

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (07) ◽  
pp. 20484-20491
Author(s):  
Dr. Ishag Adam Hassan Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
English Language ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Small Component ◽  
Curriculum Review ◽  
Comprehension Skills ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The University ◽  
Reading Comprehension Skills

This paper is devoted to presenting the methods in English communicating skills for Learners of English in general and the problems specific to University of Bahri. English language major’s graduates then; it discusses the notion of communicative competence, and defines strategic competence. It also briefly deals with the various definitions of communication strategies and taxonomies of conversation strategies. Also, I give brief definition of the word conversation, that is the act of talking together or exchange ideas, opinions, skills, and information. As accustomed, speaking is natural and automatic but communication is an art which must be learned and practiced. Also the aim of this paper is to present you with suitable suggestions about how you can solve problems while reading English? In order to comply with this objective: we considered two variables. The first one is that within our daily practice at the university we have students with different abilities while reading English. Therefore, we need to help them increase the ability in reading comprehension. However, we don’t have enough teachers and needed resources to supply them with the help they need. The second variable is related to the fact that at University there are different centers where the students’ skills can improve and their reading comprehension skills deficiencies could be overcome by getting help from the teachers. This study is small component of a larger curriculum review exercise. The findings of study in general suggest that both students and English language lecturers were in agreement that Sudanese students had a problem in writing and speaking English and due to that the conversational problems are raised.      Finally, the paper concludes by representing the pedagogical implications of conversation strategies.

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