scholarly journals Grain storage: the management of ecological change – abstract

1988 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 155-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lacey
Keyword(s):  
Simple Structure ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Tropical Climates

Grain stored in bulk forms a man-made ecosystem with a limited, non-regenerating energy supply. However, frequent interference results in an immature, unstable ecosystem with a relatively simple structure and composed of species with limited specialisation, and high growth and reproductive rates. Microbial colonisation commences soon after ear emergence, by what have been termed “field” fungi. These usually have a minimum water potential for germination of −22.4 MPa (> 0.85 aw), have to contend with large diurnal changes in environmental conditions and seldom develop further in store. Sometimes, especially in humid tropical climates, species more typical of stored grain (“storage fungi”) also develop before harvest, and even produce mycotoxins. This differentiation between fungi characteristic of field or store is historical and their classification on ecological requirements would be preferable.

FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH HOT SPOTS IN FARM STORED GRAIN

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. H. Wallace ◽  
R. N. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Bulk Heating ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Grain Bulks ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Water Contents

The temperature, moisture, germination and fungal relationships of normal and heated wheat and oats collected from grain bulks in 13 granaries in Manitoba and Saskatchewan were determined during the falls and winters of 1957–60. Eight bulks were studied in detail. It was found that hot spots could develop anywhere in a bin. Temperatures up to 53 °C. (in winter) were obtained and were usually highest at the base of the bulk. Heating grain was relatively dry (less than 11 per cent) except along the surface. The highest water contents (27 per cent) in the bulks always occurred in the gram along the surface layers. Loss of germinability could occur anywhere in the bulk. Field fungi, such as Alternaria, were common in viable seed, but negligible in heated grain. The seeds in hot spots were predominantly infected by storage fungi, among which Penicillium spp. were the most abundant, even in relatively dry grain at the 6-foot depth. Other fungi commonly found were Aspergillus spp., especially A. flavus Link, A. fumigatus Fresenius, A. versicolor (Vuillemin) Tiraboschi and Absidia spp. Actinomycetes (Streptomyces) were common in some heating grain bulks.

Insects and Mites Associated with Hot Spots in Farm Stored Grain

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 609-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Rapid Deterioration ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Hot spots may develop quickly in farm stored grain under Canadian winter conditions. Heavy infestations of mites, insects and fungi may accompany such hot spots (Stirrett and Arnott, 1933; Watters, 1955). Once the heating process is initiated, whatever its cause, it brings about a rapid deterioration of grain, tluough charring of kernels, and reduction of their germinability, and by providing optimum conditions for the growth and reproduction of storage fungi, insects and mites.

scholarly journals Classification of Grain Storage Inventory Modes Based on Temperature Contour Map of Grain Bulk Using Back Propagation Neural Network

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
Hongwei Cui ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Jinsong Zhang ◽  
Zidan Wu ◽  
Wenfu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Bp Neural Network ◽  
Feature Vector ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Input Vector ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
Large Bulk ◽  
Temperature Contour

Inventory modes classification can reduce the workload of grain depot management and it is time-saving, not labor-intensive. This paper proposed a method of using a temperature contour map converted from digital temperature data to classify stored grain inventory modes in a large bulk grain warehouse, which mainly included detection of inventory changes and routine operations performed (aeration). The back propagation (BP) neural network was used in this method to identify and classify grain storage inventory modes based on the temperature contour map for helping grain depot management work. The method extracted and combined color coherence vector (CCV), texture feature vector (TFV) and smoothness feature vector (SFV) of temperature contour maps as the input vector of the BP neural network, and used inventory modes as the output vector. The experimental results indicated that the accuracy of the BP neural network with vector (CCV and TFV and SFV) as the input vector was about 93.9%, and its training time and prediction time were 320 and 0.12 s, respectively.

Infestation of Mites, Insects and Microorganisms in a Large Wheat Bulk after Prolonged Storage

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 542-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Sinha ◽  
E. A. R. Liscombe ◽  
H. A. H. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Grain Quality ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Prairie Provinces ◽  
Comprehensive Studies

Mites, insects, and storage fungi usually infest grain that has been stored for several years. Since mites and most storage fungi are usually considered of secondary importance to insects, few comprehensive studies have been made on their occurrence in grain stored in the Prairie Provinces. Although difficult to see because of their microscopic size, the presence of mites and fungi in stored grain often leads to a decrease in grain quality. Thus, information on their occurrence in stored grain together with data on the damage attributed to them would be useful in assessing their economic significance.

2.1 Methods of alleviating the deleterious effects of tropical climates on animal production

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 57-87
Author(s):  
J. I. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
General Recognition ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Expanding Population ◽  
Tropical Climates

As a consequence of the rapidly expanding population and the general recognition of the need for more efficient food production in the less developed countries, there is currently much interest in the establishment of intensive animal production units therein. However, traditional animal production enterprises in these countries, particularly in those with hot humid climates, are noted for their low productivity and poor reproductive rates. Consequently, only a few of the intensive units established in these locations have been successful. The most common factors associated with this failure are, inexperience in ‘farming’ animals, mismanagement, inappropriate animal types, inadequate housing and planning and ignorance of the deleterious effects of tropical environments on animals and production systems and on means of alleviating them.

scholarly journals Estimation of Free Fatty Acids in Stored Paddy Rice Using Multiple-Kernel Support Vector Regression

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6555
Author(s):  
Qiyang Wang ◽  
Feng Han ◽  
Zidan Wu ◽  
Tianyi Lan ◽  
Wenfu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Support Vector Regression ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Support Vector Regression Model ◽  
Multiple Kernel

Grain quality changes during the storage period, and an important grain quality indictor is the free fatty acid (FFA) content. Understanding real-time change of FFA content in stored grain is significant for grain storage safety. However, the FFA content requires manual detection with time-consuming and complex procedures. Thus, this paper is dedicated to developing a method to estimate FFA content in stored grain accurately. We proposed a machine learning approach—multiple-kernel support vector regression—to complete this goal, which improved the accuracy and robustness of the FFA estimation. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was validated by the grain storage data collected from northeast China. To show the merits of the proposed method, several prevailing prediction methods, such as single-kernel support vector regression, multiple linear regression, and back propagation neural network, were introduced for comparative purposes, and several quantitative statistical indexes were adopted to evaluate the performance of different models. The results showed that the proposed approach can achieve a high accuracy with mean absolute error of 0.341 mg KOH/100 g, root mean square error of 0.442 mg KOH/100 g, and mean absolute percentage error of 2.026%. Among the four models tested, the multiple-kernel support vector regression model performed best and made the most robust forecasts of FFA content in stored grain.

Forces on Monitoring Cables during Grain Bin Filling and Emptying

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-415
Author(s):  
Sidney A. Thompson ◽  
Paul R. Armstrong ◽  
Samuel G. McNeill ◽  
Ronaldo G. Maghirang ◽  
Michael D. Montross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Monitoring ◽  
Load Force ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Average Force ◽  
Full Size ◽  
Design Load ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Storage Bins

Abstract. Monitoring the temperature of stored grain with permanent cables suspended from the bin roof is common practice in commercial grain storage and is sometimes used in on-farm grain storage bins. Knowledge of the forces imparted on the cables by flowing grain is required for proper design of cables, connection hardware, and bin roofs, but there is little data in the literature for full size bins. To determine forces on different cable sizes and configurations, five different cable designs were tested during filling and emptying of wheat and corn. Two concrete storage bins, 4.6-m diameter and 25-m maximum depth, were used with cables suspended from the center of the bin or suspended 0.6 m from the sidewall. The bottom ends of the cables were weighted, but were not fully restrained. Forces on the cables were monitored during filling and emptying of the bins. Forces during emptying usually exhibited slip-stick behavior. The greatest forces were during emptying, where forces were often double those during filling, with vertical forces up to 4.7 kN for the largest cable. Both peak and average forces for bin emptying were significantly larger than corresponding forces for bin filling. Results showed no effect of grain type (corn or wheat) while cable size had significant effects on peak and average force in most cases. Keywords: Corn, Design load, Force, Grain bin, Temperature monitoring cable, Wheat.

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