Production of the mycotoxin, zearalenone, byFusarium graminearum growing on stored grain. I. Grain storage at reduced temperatures

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1081-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger F. Sherwood ◽  
John F. Peberdy
Keyword(s):  
Grain Storage ◽  
Stored Grain

scholarly journals Grain storage: the management of ecological change – abstract

1988 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 155-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lacey
Keyword(s):  
Simple Structure ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Tropical Climates

Grain stored in bulk forms a man-made ecosystem with a limited, non-regenerating energy supply. However, frequent interference results in an immature, unstable ecosystem with a relatively simple structure and composed of species with limited specialisation, and high growth and reproductive rates. Microbial colonisation commences soon after ear emergence, by what have been termed “field” fungi. These usually have a minimum water potential for germination of −22.4 MPa (> 0.85 aw), have to contend with large diurnal changes in environmental conditions and seldom develop further in store. Sometimes, especially in humid tropical climates, species more typical of stored grain (“storage fungi”) also develop before harvest, and even produce mycotoxins. This differentiation between fungi characteristic of field or store is historical and their classification on ecological requirements would be preferable.

scholarly journals Classification of Grain Storage Inventory Modes Based on Temperature Contour Map of Grain Bulk Using Back Propagation Neural Network

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
Hongwei Cui ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Jinsong Zhang ◽  
Zidan Wu ◽  
Wenfu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Bp Neural Network ◽  
Feature Vector ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Input Vector ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
Large Bulk ◽  
Temperature Contour

Inventory modes classification can reduce the workload of grain depot management and it is time-saving, not labor-intensive. This paper proposed a method of using a temperature contour map converted from digital temperature data to classify stored grain inventory modes in a large bulk grain warehouse, which mainly included detection of inventory changes and routine operations performed (aeration). The back propagation (BP) neural network was used in this method to identify and classify grain storage inventory modes based on the temperature contour map for helping grain depot management work. The method extracted and combined color coherence vector (CCV), texture feature vector (TFV) and smoothness feature vector (SFV) of temperature contour maps as the input vector of the BP neural network, and used inventory modes as the output vector. The experimental results indicated that the accuracy of the BP neural network with vector (CCV and TFV and SFV) as the input vector was about 93.9%, and its training time and prediction time were 320 and 0.12 s, respectively.

scholarly journals Estimation of Free Fatty Acids in Stored Paddy Rice Using Multiple-Kernel Support Vector Regression

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6555
Author(s):  
Qiyang Wang ◽  
Feng Han ◽  
Zidan Wu ◽  
Tianyi Lan ◽  
Wenfu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Support Vector Regression ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Support Vector Regression Model ◽  
Multiple Kernel

Grain quality changes during the storage period, and an important grain quality indictor is the free fatty acid (FFA) content. Understanding real-time change of FFA content in stored grain is significant for grain storage safety. However, the FFA content requires manual detection with time-consuming and complex procedures. Thus, this paper is dedicated to developing a method to estimate FFA content in stored grain accurately. We proposed a machine learning approach—multiple-kernel support vector regression—to complete this goal, which improved the accuracy and robustness of the FFA estimation. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was validated by the grain storage data collected from northeast China. To show the merits of the proposed method, several prevailing prediction methods, such as single-kernel support vector regression, multiple linear regression, and back propagation neural network, were introduced for comparative purposes, and several quantitative statistical indexes were adopted to evaluate the performance of different models. The results showed that the proposed approach can achieve a high accuracy with mean absolute error of 0.341 mg KOH/100 g, root mean square error of 0.442 mg KOH/100 g, and mean absolute percentage error of 2.026%. Among the four models tested, the multiple-kernel support vector regression model performed best and made the most robust forecasts of FFA content in stored grain.

Forces on Monitoring Cables during Grain Bin Filling and Emptying

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-415
Author(s):  
Sidney A. Thompson ◽  
Paul R. Armstrong ◽  
Samuel G. McNeill ◽  
Ronaldo G. Maghirang ◽  
Michael D. Montross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Monitoring ◽  
Load Force ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Average Force ◽  
Full Size ◽  
Design Load ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Storage Bins

Abstract. Monitoring the temperature of stored grain with permanent cables suspended from the bin roof is common practice in commercial grain storage and is sometimes used in on-farm grain storage bins. Knowledge of the forces imparted on the cables by flowing grain is required for proper design of cables, connection hardware, and bin roofs, but there is little data in the literature for full size bins. To determine forces on different cable sizes and configurations, five different cable designs were tested during filling and emptying of wheat and corn. Two concrete storage bins, 4.6-m diameter and 25-m maximum depth, were used with cables suspended from the center of the bin or suspended 0.6 m from the sidewall. The bottom ends of the cables were weighted, but were not fully restrained. Forces on the cables were monitored during filling and emptying of the bins. Forces during emptying usually exhibited slip-stick behavior. The greatest forces were during emptying, where forces were often double those during filling, with vertical forces up to 4.7 kN for the largest cable. Both peak and average forces for bin emptying were significantly larger than corresponding forces for bin filling. Results showed no effect of grain type (corn or wheat) while cable size had significant effects on peak and average force in most cases. Keywords: Corn, Design load, Force, Grain bin, Temperature monitoring cable, Wheat.

scholarly journals On-Farm Grain Storage and Challenges in Bagmati Province, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7959
Author(s):  
Pragya Kandel ◽  
Kabita Kharel ◽  
Anastasia Njoroge ◽  
Bradley W. Smith ◽  
Jorge R. Díaz-Valderrama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Storage ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Stored Grains ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Storage Methods ◽  
Postharvest Management ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Home Consumption

Farmers in Nepal lose up to one-third of stored grain to pests and diseases. This results in food insecurity and loss of income. To mitigate these losses, farmers use several approaches including pesticide applications on stored grains. We interviewed 241 farmers in Bagmati Province, Nepal, to assess the current on-farm grain storage practices and challenges to improve postharvest management. The results show that rice was the most stored crop (median 1150 kg). About half of farmers stored for at least nine months and grain was mainly used for home consumption. Grain was stored by 66.5 and 69.8% of farmers in granaries (rice) and plastic drums (legumes), respectively. Insects were the most important challenge during storage, and farmers used pesticides to control them. Farmers were more likely to use insecticide on grain (p = 0.000) if they stored rice, used traditional granaries, and had insect damage during storage. The use of improved storage methods (e.g., hermetic bags) was very low for rice (3.5%). There is a need to improve on-farm grain storage by disseminating storage innovations to address postharvest challenges in important crops such as rice.

Novel approaches for integrated grain storage management

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Kostyukovsky ◽  
Anatoly Trostanetsky ◽  
Elazar Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Food Crisis ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Insect Pest Control ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Grain Losses ◽  
Global Food Crisis

The solution of the global food crisis and improvement of the food security situation may be reached by increasing food production and prevention of losses during the food supplying chain. Most of the scientific efforts so far have aimed to increase the yield of agricultural crops. However, food losses during storage and the supply chain may reach levels of 20–40%. One of the most significant factors responsible for the global food crisis is grain losses during storage that are largely caused by pest insects. Today, there are two main chemical methods used for stored product insect pest control: fumigation and grain protection by contact insecticides. For both these methods phyto-sanitarian, health, and ecological disadvantages are well documented. Therefore, the global current tendency is to prevent/decrease the common wide use of chemical insecticides with high toxicity to humans for pest control in foods. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of alternative eco-friendly approaches for insect pest control in order to prevent grain quantity losses and the quality degradation of stored grain and dry food caused by insect pests. In this article, we propose an integrated protection approach which includes prevention measures, systematic inspection and monitoring for grain storage risk factors; use of eco-friendly protectants and volatiles; and improved technologies for currently used fumigants. Implementation of this approach in Israel resulted in a dramatic reduction in grain losses to less than 0.5%.

Grain storage and insect pests of stored grain in rural Niger

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.B. Baoua ◽  
L. Amadou ◽  
M. Abdourahmane ◽  
O. Bakoye ◽  
D. Baributsa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Rural Niger

scholarly journals Survival over the winter of Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in hot spots caused by improper grain storage technology: the first record in the Czech Republic

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 23-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Stejskal ◽  
J. Zuska ◽  
P. Werner ◽  
Z. Kučerová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
First Record ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Storage Technology ◽  
First Time

The survival of dense populations of Rhyzopertha dominica in stored grain hot spots in the Czech Republic during winter months was documented for the first time. Improper storage of grain causes subsurface hot zones, which seem to provide conditions for pest overwintering and become the source of subsequent cross infestations. 

scholarly journals Anisotropy and porosity as factors of fluctuations in exothermic processes during grain storage

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
B. O. Jangurazov ◽  
T. K. Akhmedzhanov ◽  
K. B. Jangurazov ◽  
R. K. Jangurazov ◽  
A. K. Jangurazov
Keyword(s):  
Activation Barrier ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Internal Heat Source ◽  
Thermodynamic System ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
System Of Differential Equations ◽  
Storage Process ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Physical Chemical

Scientific-based assessment and management of the state of stored grain based on reliable information provides a reliable forecast of the direction of interrelated physical, chemical and biochemical processes in order to take timely measures to prevent quantitative and qualitative losses and food safety of grain. Based on the stationary nature of the grain storage process, it is proposed to use a system of differential equations describing the conditions of heat transfer by convective transfer, thermal conductivity, and oxygen diffusion through a layer of anisotropic, porous material to prevent self-heating of the grain. The level of the activation barrier Eа=123 kJ/mol of the grain mass is established as a thermodynamic system, when it reaches a stable internal heat source. To take into account the main factors and forecast possible exothermic processes in the grain mass (on currents, in elevators, during transportation, storage, etc.), it is proposed.

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