scholarly journals Give Them Fish or Teach Them to Fish? The Effects of Stability of Social Stratification and Forms of Help on Higher Socioeconomic Status Group Members’ Attitudes Towards Anti-Poverty Programs

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Jay P. Ferolino
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Socioeconomic Status Group ◽  
Social Identity Approach

Building on social identity approach and intergroup helping as status relations model, the current research examined the explored effects of stability of social stratification and forms of help on higher socioeconomic status (SES) members’ attitudes towards anti-poverty programs. Two studies were conducted in a 2 (social stratification stability) × 2 (forms of help) design on willingness to support anti-poverty programs. Study 1 examined the conditions of unstable and stable social stratification that might pattern differences in support of hypothetical anti-poverty programs construed as dependency-oriented or autonomy-oriented help. Study 2 replicated and extended study 1 by examining higher SES (subjective) participants’ attitudes towards the cash transfer programs (conditional vs. unconditional, which were determined by their perceptions of the stability of social stratification). Overall, the results of the two studies confirmed that attitudes towards anti-poverty programs could be construed as specific forms of help (dependency-oriented and/or autonomy-oriented help) depending on the nature of the intergroup relations (stability of the social stratification). Finally, the theoretical contribution of the current research is discussed.

scholarly journals Collective behaviour is not robust to disturbance, yet parent and offspring colonies resemble each other in social spiders

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Fisher ◽  
James L.L. Lichtenstein ◽  
Raul Costa-Pereira ◽  
Justin Yeager ◽  
Jonathan N. Pruitt
Keyword(s):  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Collective Behaviour ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Social Spider ◽  
The Social ◽  
Parent Colony ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Collective Foraging ◽  
The Stability

AbstractGroups of animals possess phenotypes such as collective behaviour, which may determine the fitness of group members. However, the stability and robustness to perturbations of collective phenotypes in natural conditions is not established. Furthermore, whether group phenotypes are transmitted from parent to offspring groups is required for understanding how selection on group phenotypes contributes to evolution, but parent-offspring resemblance at the group level is rarely estimated. We evaluated robustness to perturbation and parent-offspring resemblance of collective foraging aggressiveness in colonies of the social spider Anelosimus eximius. Among-colony differences in foraging aggressiveness were consistent over time but changed if the colony was perturbed through the removal of individuals, or via their removal and subsequent return. Offspring and parent colony behaviour were correlated, but only once the offspring colony had settled after being translocated. The parent-offspring resemblance was not driven by a shared elevation but could be due to other environmental factors. Laboratory collective behaviour was not correlated with behaviour in the field. Colony aggression seems sensitive to initial conditions and easily perturbed between behavioural states. Despite this sensitivity, offspring colonies have collective behaviour that resembles that of their parent colony, provided they are given enough time to settle into the environment.

Differentiation from the ideological out-group as reference for the in-group’s emotions in conflict

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Elad Strenger ◽  
Amit Goldenberg ◽  
Tamar Saguy ◽  
Eran Halperin
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Group Norms ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Social Identity Approach ◽  
Shape Group

How does the competitive relation between ideological groups shape group members’ emotional responses to their shared political reality? Inspired by the social identity approach, we propose that ideological in-group members adjust their emotional responses to political stimuli based on the perceived emotional response of their ideological out-group, accentuating differentiation between the groups. Results of Studies 1 and 2 (pre-registered), conducted in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, indicate that Jewish-Israeli leftists and rightists are more content when their ideological out-group’s emotional response to conflict-related stimuli is consistent (vs. inconsistent) with their in-group norms, yet shift their own emotions away from the presumed emotions of their ideological out-group. This effect was not moderated by participants’ self-reported desire for intergroup distinctiveness, suggesting that re-establishment of intergroup differentiation may occur automatically. Our findings indicate that differentiation from the internal ideological rival serves as reference for individuals’ emotions towards the external rival in conflict.

scholarly journals Class, Gender, and Rhoticity: The Social Stratification of Non-Prevocalic /r/ in Edinburgh Speech

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Dickson ◽  
Lauren Hall-Lew
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Analysis Of Variation ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
The Relationship

Despite the prominence of socioeconomic status as a factor in models of English variation, few studies have explicitly considered speakers whose social class status changed over their lifetime. This paper presents an auditory and acoustic analysis of variation in non-prevocalic /r/ among middle-aged adults from Edinburgh, Scotland. The speakers represent three groups: the Established Middle Class (EMC) and the Working Class (WC), both of which are characterized as socioeconomically non-mobile, and a third group we call the New Middle Class (NMC), comprising individuals born to working-class families and living middle-class lives at the time of data collection. The results demonstrate that realizations of /r/ have a significant correlation with socioeconomic status, and that the effect of class further interacts with gender. NMC speakers demonstrate the highest level of rhoticity of all three groups. In contrast, WC men show extensive derhoticization and deletion, while WC women show patterns of rhoticity that are more comparable to the NMC women. The EMC speakers show more non-rhoticity than either the NMC speakers or the WC women. A consideration of the indexical value of weak rhoticity highlights the need for more robust phonetic measures distinguishing non-rhoticity from derhoticization, and to that end we consider the cue of post-vocalic frication. Overall, the results point to the need to conceptualize socioeconomic status as potentially fluid and changeable across the lifespan, thereby improving models of the relationship between social class and linguistic variation.

scholarly journals The Role of Social Bricoleurs in Crafting Civil Solidarity during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Ivy Pricilia Gabriela Londa ◽  
Karina Dwita Shafira
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The impact of the COVID 19 Pandemic has arguably been inflicted largely in the economic sector than in the health sector. People are suffering every day with millions losing jobs and fall into poverty especially in developing countries. While each government is saving the world from the global recession, the need for local lifeboat initiatives is imperative to contribute to the local economy. If not assisting the country from the severe national recession, it helps vulnerable groups and individuals to survive the global recession. The social bricoleur is a type of social enterprise characterized by its self-governing nature to venture opportunities using the readily available resources based on their tacit position in the social fabric. The research is investigating how solidarity in response to COVID-19 can be enabled by engineering ecosystem orchestration and management through social bricoleur initiatives. The study was conducted with an exploratory single case study to gain insights on how social bricoleurs play a part in addressing social gaps, using the Bagirata platform who operates in response to the COVID-19 economy as a collective effort of wealth redistribution. This middle-class society is the largest in numbers for major cities in Indonesia where the social wealth is the weakest and the population density is the highest, therefore might result in a more fractious society and prone to more social conflict. This class of society also indicates potentials for development programs, rather than the cash-transfer programs that the government has taken such measure recently. No solution fits all, the solidarity calls are inclined to create as many as solutions possible we could create with our resources.

scholarly journals Social Stratification and Health. Four Essays on the Social Determinants of Health and Wellbeing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Präg
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Subjective Perceptions ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between socioeconomic status, health, and wellbeing has puzzled researchers for decades. Individuals with higher education,a better job, or higher status, live longer and healthier. The four essaysin this book offer a fresh view on crucial aspects of this relationship.Drawing on data from more than fifty countries, the multidimensional natureof socioeconomic status is explored, not only covering objective indicatorsof socioeconomic status—education, income, occupational prestige—but alsoindividuals' subjective perceptions of socioeconomic status and statusdifferentials between doctors and patients. Furthermore, the essays analyzethe multilevel nature of social stratification, comparing differences inthe strength of the relationship between education and health across countriesand regions, as well as investigating the pathways by which income inequalityaffects health.

Group Norms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Group Norms ◽  
Shared Identity ◽  
Behavior Change Interventions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Member ◽  
Social Identity Approach

As social animals, humans are strongly influenced by the opinions and actions of those around them. Group norms are the expectations and behaviors associated with a social group, such as a nationality, an organization, or a sports team. Group norms can emerge during group interaction as group members are exposed to the opinions, or observe the actions, of fellow group members. Group norms can also emerge by comparing the attitudes and actions of the group with other groups. Leaders can also influence what is seen to be acceptable behaviors for group members to exhibit. One of the most dominant approaches to the study of group norms is the social identity approach. The social identity approach proposes that belonging to a social group provides individuals with a definition of who one is, and a description and prescription of what is involved in being a group member. A large body of research has confirmed the power of group norms to determine the form and direction of group members’ attitudes and actions, particularly those individuals strongly attached to the group, across many behavioral domains. In thinking about group norms, it is important to recognize that norms have both prescriptive (i.e., what should be done) and descriptive (i.e., what is done) elements. Research has found that group norms are most influential when aligned, but that misaligned or conflicting norms—either within the group or across multiple groups to which an individual belongs—can be particularly harmful in terms of engagement in a desired behavior. It is critical to appreciate and understand these complexities to be able to change group norms and, therefore, group members’ actions. The insight that group norms are powerful determinants of behavior has been incorporated into behavior change interventions, including so-called “nudge” interventions. However, norms-based campaigns are not always successful, and can even lead to backlash effects, often because change agents have failed to consider identity-related processes, such as the role of leaders, the source of the influence attempt, and threats arising from attempts to change one’s group. Shared identity is a key mechanism through which people internalize (new) understandings of what it means to be a group member into the self-concept, and understanding these processes may lead to more enduring change in underlying motives, beliefs, and behavior.

Trajectories of incorporation and the socioeconomic status of immigrants in Spain during the economic crisis: The case of the Basque Country

2021 ◽  
pp. 002087282098081
Author(s):  
Arkaitz Fullaondo ◽  
Gorka Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Immigrant Group ◽  
Duration Of Stay ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Boom

Spain has experienced a major social transformation, which is the result of immigration. This article looks at the differences that occur in their trajectories of incorporation, taking into consideration the socioeconomic, migratory and legal variables. The results show the social stratification of the immigrant group and the differences in terms of internal inequality. Furthermore, it has been noted that while in a period of economic boom, human capital was the most important factor in explaining a rising incorporation, in the period of recession, duration of stay is the crucial variable, not so much for a rising incorporation, but to maintain the same socioeconomic status.

Collective Self-Determination: How the Agent of Help Promotes Pride, Well-Being, and Support for Intergroup Helping

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 662-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Alice Goddard
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Collective Group ◽  
Collective Self ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Social Identity Approach

This research integrates self-determination theory and the social identity approach to investigate the notion of collective (group level) self-determination, and to test how the agent of intergroup help (helping initiated by a group representative versus group members) shapes group members’ motives and support for intergroup helping. Study 1 ( N = 432) demonstrates that collective self-determination predicts support for intergroup helping, group pride, and well-being, over and above individual-level self-determined motivation. Study 2 ( N = 216) confirmed that helping by group members was seen as more collectively self-determined than helping by a group representative, producing effects on pride, well-being, and support. Study 3 ( N = 124) explores a qualifier of these effects: People who identify more strongly with the leader who is providing the help also experience representative helping as more collectively self-determined, thereby promoting well-being, group pride, and support. Findings highlight the value of integrating self-determination theory with intergroup theories to consider collective aspects of self-determination.

scholarly journals Using computational techniques to study social influence online

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 808-826
Author(s):  
Alicia Cork ◽  
Richard Everson ◽  
Mark Levine ◽  
Miriam Koschate
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Social Identity Approach

The social identity approach suggests that group prototypical individuals have greater influence over fellow group members. This effect has been well-studied offline. Here, we use a novel method of assessing prototypicality in naturally occurring data to test whether this effect can be replicated in online communities. In Study 1a ( N = 53,049 Reddit users), we train a linguistic measure of prototypicality for two social groups: libertarians and entrepreneurs. We then validate this measure further to ensure it is not driven by demographics (Study 1b: N = 882) or local accommodation (Study 1c: N = 1,684 Silk Road users). In Study 2 ( N = 8,259), we correlate this measure of prototypicality with social network indicators of social influence. In line with the social identity approach, individuals who are more prototypical generate more responses from others. Implications for testing sociopsychological theories with naturally occurring data using computational approaches are discussed.

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