THE ROLE OF REASONS IN EPISTEMOLOGY

Episteme ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Kornblith
Keyword(s):  
Belief Change ◽  
Psychological Theories

AbstractThe notion of a reason often plays a central role in epistemological theories. Justification is often explained in terms of the having of appropriate reasons, and a variety of epistemological distinctions are most naturally explained, it seems, by adverting to reasons. This paper examines the extent to which we may, instead, make do without appeal to such a notion. It is argued that the extent to which the notion of a reason should play an important role in epistemological theorizing will depend on how our psychological theories of belief acquisition and belief change are best conceptualized.

scholarly journals Anatomy of a Psychological Theory: Integrating Construct-Validation and Computational-Modeling Methods to Advance Theorizing

2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162096679
Author(s):  
Ivan Grahek ◽  
Mark Schaller ◽  
Jennifer L. Tackett
Keyword(s):  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Construct Validation ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Modeling Methods ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Convergence And Divergence

Discussions about the replicability of psychological studies have primarily focused on improving research methods and practices, with less attention paid to the role of well-specified theories in facilitating the production of reliable empirical results. The field is currently in need of clearly articulated steps to theory specification and development, particularly regarding frameworks that may generalize across different fields of psychology. Here we focus on two approaches to theory specification and development that are typically associated with distinct research traditions: computational modeling and construct validation. We outline the points of convergence and divergence between them to illuminate the anatomy of a scientific theory in psychology—what a well-specified theory should contain and how it should be interrogated and revised through iterative theory-development processes. We propose how these two approaches can be used in complementary ways to increase the quality of explanations and the precision of predictions offered by psychological theories.

scholarly journals Frame Semantics and Translation of Intertextuality

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-120
Author(s):  
Uliana Tatsakovych
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Frame Semantics ◽  
Cognitive Poetics ◽  
Conceptual Information ◽  
Dynamic Memory ◽  
Memory Theory ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Visual Models ◽  
Translation Techniques

The article investigates intertextuality and its translation in the context of frame semantics and R. Schank’s dynamic memory theory. The study provides an overview of linguistic and psychological theories examining the role of frames and visualisation in conceptualising reality and discusses their application to the understanding and translation of intertextuality. The theory of dynamic memory is used to explain the nature of textual and intertextual frames and build visual models of their mappings. Based on the analysis of 70 examples of the translation of intertextuality (quotations and allusions) from M. Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale and its Ukrainian translation, six translation techniques are identified. They are outlined on the basis of the transference of linguistic elements and the conceptual information activated by them (frame mappings, mental images). The examples are compared in terms of cognitive equivalence, which is also defined within the presented approach. The study generally adopts a broader view of intertextuality as a cognitive category and translation as a cognitive process to contribute to the development of cognitive poetics and cognitive translatology.

Paul and the Author of 1 Clement as Entrepreneurs of Identity in Corinthian Crises of Leadership

2021 ◽  
pp. 0142064X2110647
Author(s):  
Katja Kujanpää
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
The Past ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Identity Approach

When Paul and the author of 1 Clement write letters to Corinth to address crises of leadership, both discuss Moses’ παρρησία (frankness and openness), yet they evaluate it rather differently. In this article, I view both authors as entrepreneurs of identity and explore the ways in which they try to shape their audience’s social identity and influence their behaviour in the crisis by selectively retelling scriptural narratives related to Moses. The article shows that social psychological theories under the umbrella term of the social identity approach help to illuminate the active role of leaders in identity construction as well as the processes of retelling the past in order to mobilize one’s audience.

Sharing Stories, Sharing Bias: How Descriptions of Context Shape Negative Stereotype Use in Response to Accounts of Economic Adversity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M B Fallin Hunzaker ◽  
Marcus Mann
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Situational Characteristics ◽  
Context Shape ◽  
And Control

Abstract Research shows that observers use negative stereotypes to construe victims of misfortune as responsible for their own fate. In two experiments, we test three situational characteristics’ (injustice, scale, and control) effects on observers’ tendency to use negative stereotypes when communicating stories about others’ economic hardship. Study 1 examines predictions, based on social psychological theories of equity and justice, that stereotype use should increase in response to accounts of misfortune that are the result of unjust under-reward. Contrary to predictions, Study 1 found that participants used more stereotypes when retelling accounts in which the protagonist’s misfortune was not the result of unjust rewards. Study 2 investigates competing predictions to Study 1, based on research regarding how portrayals of scale (whether the misfortune affects one vs. many) and control (whether another actor has control over the misfortune of another) affect perceptions of misfortune. Study 2 results indicate that stereotype use increases in response to accounts of large-scale, uncontrollable misfortune. Together, these studies suggest that qualities of portrayals (such as scale and control) are crucial in understanding stereotype transmission processes above and beyond the role of perceptions of injustice (i.e., the unequal distribution of rewards).

scholarly journals Associations between emotional intelligence and adolescent risky sexual behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-238
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Knopp
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Young People ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Risky Sexual Behavior ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Preventive Actions

Risky sexual behavior of young people have a number of adverse consequences in the health, psychological and social dimension. Therefore, it is extremely important to undertake actions promoting proper sexual behaviors among young people and more conscious and responsible attitudes towards this sphere of life. In order for the introduced educational and preventive actions to be effective, it is necessary to precisely recognize the factors protecting from risky sexual behavior and the factors increasing the risk of such behaviors.  The paper attempts to answer the question about the role of emotional intelligence of adolescents as a protective factor against risky sexual behavior. The first part outlines the problem of risky sexual behavior of adolescents - its types, sources and consequences. Next, the most important models of emotional intelligence are presented, and its relation to the effectiveness of functioning on different levels of life is discussed. Finally, the article describes the relations between emotional intelligence of adolescents and the tendency to engage in risky sexual behavior, referring to both psychological theories and empirical data.

scholarly journals Pre-service teachers' evaluation of belief relevant information on a controversial issue in Āotearoa, New Zealand: Should te reo Māori be compulsory in New Zealand schools?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Una Elizabeth Pania Matthews
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Belief Change ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Belief Scale ◽  
Qualitative Phase

<p>The purpose of this mixed methods study was to investigate the influence beliefs have on pre-service teachers' evaluations of belief-relevant arguments and belief change on a controversial issue. In the quantitative phase, pre-service teachers (n = 23) at a university in New Zealand completed a topic belief-scale on a controversial issue in Āotearoa/New Zealand (i.e., Should te reo Māori be compulsory in New Zealand schools?). Then they read a text that included arguments for and against compulsory Te reo Māori while they thought-aloud (i.e., verbalized their thoughts as they read). After they read, they completed the topic-belief scale again. The quantitative results showed that participants tended to make refutational comments when they read belief-incompatible arguments, whereas they tended to make supportive comments when the read belief-compatible arguments. Further, their beliefs became stronger after they read. In the qualitative phase, interviews were conducted and analysed to explain why some participants' beliefs became stronger, whereas other participants' beliefs did not change. The interview data revealed individual and contextual factors influenced how participants evaluated the text and were related to their beliefs after they read. These data provide important information about the role of individual experiences in preservice teacher beliefs about a controversial topic on cultural responsiveness.</p>

scholarly journals Η ανάπτυξη της ενσυναίσθησης στους διδύμους

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
Μαρία Μαρκοδημητράκη
Keyword(s):  
School Context ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Family Context ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Discussion Section ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unsolved Issue

In this article we discuss the currently unsolved issue of empathy in twins. In the first chapter we briefly describe some definitions, its differentiation from several other related concepts and representative psychological theories on empathy. In the second chapter, we give a brief description of the psychological studies on twins’ empathy. In particular, we present some findings from fetal, infant, child, adolescent and adult life. These findings derived from comparative twin - non twin studies. Some of them are clinical studies focusing on the role of heredity and environment in empathy’s development and some other are developmental studies based on a psychoanalytical approach of empathy and its approach in light of the Theory of Innate Intersubjectivity. In the Discussion section, we summarize all the above, we detect the gaps in research on twins’ empathy and we make a brief reference to the value of empathy’s development in a family context during the first months of life and in a school context later in life. Finally, we highlight the need to investigate further the wide range of the associated terms.

scholarly journals AGEISM AT WORK: A THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S569-S570
Author(s):  
Sarah A Vickerstaff ◽  
Mariska van der Horst ◽  
Debra A Street
Keyword(s):  
Older Workers ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Ageism at work is becoming an increasingly popular research topic. It has been claimed that ageism is a serious threat to the extending working lives agenda that is prevalent in many Western countries, including the US and many countries in the EU. In this symposium, we consider this concept from a variety of perspectives in order to better understand what ageism is as well as how it affects older workers. To get a better grip on the concept, Sarah Vickerstaff and Mariska van der Horst look at the intersectionality of this concept, by assessing its relationships with gender and disability. Clary Krekula uses the concept of age coding to look at how both age normality and ageism are constructed. Jaap Oude Mulders assesses how age-related stereotypes translate into employment preferences of employers. Hannah Swift et al., testing social psychological theories, uses results from two experiments to analyse the role of ageism in recruitment practices. This symposium is inter-disciplinary combining sociologists, social psychologists and gerontologists and further combines quantitative (Jaap Oude Mulders), qualitative (Clary Krekula, Sarah Vickerstaff, and Mariska van der Horst) and experimental (Hannah Swift) methods. Together, the papers in this symposium show various dimensions of the concept ‘ageism’ and how it affects older workers in three European countries: Sweden, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

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