scholarly journals When and why defaults influence decisions: a meta-analysis of default effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 159-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
JON M. JACHIMOWICZ ◽  
SHANNON DUNCAN ◽  
ELKE U. WEBER ◽  
ERIC J. JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Choice Architecture ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Status ◽  
Choice Option

AbstractWhen people make decisions with a pre-selected choice option – a ‘default’ – they are more likely to select that option. Because defaults are easy to implement, they constitute one of the most widely employed tools in the choice architecture toolbox. However, to decide when defaults should be used instead of other choice architecture tools, policy-makers must know how effective defaults are and when and why their effectiveness varies. To answer these questions, we conduct a literature search and meta-analysis of the 58 default studies (pooled n = 73,675) that fit our criteria. While our analysis reveals a considerable influence of defaults (d = 0.68, 95% confidence interval = 0.53–0.83), we also discover substantial variation: the majority of default studies find positive effects, but several do not find a significant effect, and two even demonstrate negative effects. To explain this variability, we draw on existing theoretical frameworks to examine the drivers of disparity in effectiveness. Our analysis reveals two factors that partially account for the variability in defaults’ effectiveness. First, we find that defaults in consumer domains are more effective and in environmental domains are less effective. Second, we find that defaults are more effective when they operate through endorsement (defaults that are seen as conveying what the choice architect thinks the decision-maker should do) or endowment (defaults that are seen as reflecting the status quo). We end with a discussion of possible directions for a future research program on defaults, including potential additional moderators, and implications for policy-makers interested in the implementation and evaluation of defaults.

scholarly journals Frailty and socioeconomic status: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiunn Wang ◽  
Claire Hulme
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Status ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between frailty and socioeconomic status has been widely explored in the literature. A deeper understanding toward the underlying mechanism is required to further assist policy makers in reducing the inequalities. The objective of this study is to systematically review evidence investigating the direct relationship between frailty and socioeconomic status. The review was conducted following the principles of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Among the included studies, 52.38% explored the pattern of frailty in age and 42.86% explored mediators as the pathway variables. With various measures and methodologies, included studies did not point to the same conclusions. In terms of the pattern of frailty in age, we found evidence for the age as leveller hypothesis, the status maintenance hypothesis and the cumulative advantage hypothesis. The included mediators differed across studies. However, we found that these mediators can be categorised into behaviours, health, social factors, material resources and mental status. These categories indicate the important aspects to consider for policies aiming at reducing the inequalities in frailty. To obtain a full picture of the underlying mechanism, future research should harmonise different measures for frailty and socioeconomic indicators and apply more comprehensive sets of mediators.

E-Commerce Infrastructure and Economic Impacts in Developing Countries

2008 ◽  
pp. 1499-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varadharajan Sridhar ◽  
Kala Seetharam Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Economic Variables ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Status ◽  
Security Infrastructure ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
The Government

This chapter presents a conceptual model that explains how e-commerce adoption in developing countries is affected by various infrastructure enablers and socio-economic variables. It describes the status of infrastructure enabler variables such as computer and Internet penetration, quality and speed of Internet connectivity, security infrastructure, online payment mechanisms and dispute resolution mechanisms in India and their impact on e-commerce adoption. Furthermore the chapter highlights the relationship between e-commerce adoption and various socio-economic variables such as prices, market reach, disposable income level, and cultural orientation of consumers. The chapter discusses the taxation of e-commerce, taking into account the complexity of the tax structure in India. A couple of mini-cases exemplify the utility of e-commerce in some practical applications. With this review of e-commerce adoption, stakeholders such as the government, the policy makers and industries will be able identify ways to nurture the positive effects and mitigate the negative effects to sustain the growth of e-commerce in many developing countries such as India.

E-Commerce Infrastructure and Economic Impacts in Developing Countries

2011 ◽  
pp. 63-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varadharajan Sridhar ◽  
Kala S. Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Economic Variables ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Status ◽  
Security Infrastructure ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
The Government

This chapter presents a conceptual model that explains how e-commerce adoption in developing countries is affected by various infrastructure enablers and socio-economic variables. It describes the status of infrastructure enabler variables such as computer and Internet penetration, quality and speed of Internet connectivity, security infrastructure, online payment mechanisms and dispute resolution mechanisms in India and their impact on e-commerce adoption. Furthermore the chapter highlights the relationship between e-commerce adoption and various socio-economic variables such as prices, market reach, disposable income level, and cultural orientation of consumers. The chapter discusses the taxation of e-commerce, taking into account the complexity of the tax structure in India. A couple of mini-cases exemplify the utility of e-commerce in some practical applications. With this review of e-commerce adoption, stakeholders such as the government, the policy makers and industries will be able identify ways to nurture the positive effects and mitigate the negative effects to sustain the growth of e-commerce in many developing countries such as India.

scholarly journals Acupuncture to Treat Sleep Disorders in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Bezerra ◽  
G. N. Pires ◽  
M. L. Andersen ◽  
S. Tufik ◽  
H. Hachul
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Compliance Rate ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Bibliographic Search

Sleep disorders are commonly observed among postmenopausal women, with negative effects on their quality of life. The search for complementary therapies for sleep disorders during postmenopausal period is of high importance, and acupuncture stands out as an appropriate possibility. The present review intended to systematically evaluate the available literature, compiling studies that have employed acupuncture as treatment to sleep disorders in postmenopausal women. A bibliographic search was performed in PubMed/Medline and Scopus. Articles which had acupuncture as intervention, sleep related measurements as outcomes, and postmenopausal women as target population were included and evaluated according to the Cochrane risk of bias tool and to the STRICTA guidelines. Out of 89 search results, 12 articles composed our final sample. A high heterogeneity was observed among these articles, which prevented us from performing a meta-analysis. Selected articles did not present high risk of bias and had a satisfactory compliance rate with STRICTA guidelines. In general, these studies presented improvements in sleep-related variables. Despite the overall positive effects, acupuncture still cannot be stated as a reliable treatment for sleep-related complaints, not due to inefficacy, but rather limited evidence. Nevertheless, results are promising and new comprehensive and controlled studies in the field are encouraged.

scholarly journals Women’s entrepreneurship policy: a 13 nation cross-country comparison

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colette Henry ◽  
Barbara Orser ◽  
Susan Coleman ◽  
Lene Foss
Keyword(s):  
Policy Development ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Entrepreneurship Policy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Women’S Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Status ◽  
Women's Entrepreneurship

Purpose Government attention to women’s entrepreneurship has increased in the past two decades; however, there are few cross-cultural studies to inform policy development. This paper aims to draw on gender and institutional theory to report on the status of female-focused small and medium-sized enterprises/entrepreneurship policies and to ask how – and to what extent – do women’s entrepreneurship policies differ among countries? Design/methodology/approach A common methodological approach is used to identify gaps in the policy-practice nexus. Findings The study highlights countries where policy is weak but practice is strong, and vice versa. Research limitations/implications The study’s data were restricted to policy documents and observations of practices and initiatives on the ground. Practical implications The findings have implications for policy makers in respect of support for women’s entrepreneurship. Recommendations for future research are advanced. Originality/value The paper contributes to extant knowledge and understanding about entrepreneurship policy, specifically in relation to women’s entrepreneurship. It is also one of the few studies to use a common methodological approach to explore and compare women’s entrepreneurship policies in 13 countries.

The Contribution of Teleworking towards a Green Computing Environment

2016 ◽  
pp. 1723-1738
Author(s):  
Iheanyi Chuku Egbuta ◽  
Brychan Thomas ◽  
Said Al-Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Green Computing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Computing Environment ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of

The aims of the chapter are to consider the strategic green issues of teleworking in terms of the environment, transport, location, office space, and resource use for modern organisations and business sectors and to formulate a conceptual model of the processes involved. In fact, teleworking technologies are variously implemented for green computing initiatives, and the many advantages include lower greenhouse gas emissions related to travel, greater worker satisfaction, and as a result of lower overhead office costs, increased profit margins. The chapter initially investigates the appropriateness of a working definition of teleworking with regard to green computing, and following this, explores the benefits and barriers of teleworking in a green computing environment. The theoretical frameworks and models of teleworking are then considered, and a conceptual model of the contribution of teleworking to green computing is formulated. It is the intention of the chapter to identify and articulate those teleworking concepts that will be useful to academicians, scientists, business entrepreneurs, practitioners, managers, and policy makers, and to indicate future research directions for research scholars and students with similar interests.

Assessing the effects of flight delays, distance, number of passengers and seasonality on revenue

Kybernetes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 2138-2149
Author(s):  
Murat Guven ◽  
Eyup Calik ◽  
Basak Cetinguc ◽  
Bulent Guloglu ◽  
Fethi Calisir
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Flight Delays ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Common Correlated Effects ◽  
Flight Delay ◽  
Airline Company

Purpose This study aims to investigate the effects of flight delays, distance, number of passengers and seasonality on revenue in the Turkish air transport industry. Design/methodology/approach The domestic return routes of a Turkish airline company were examined to address this issue. Among five cities and six airports, 14 major domestic return routes were selected. The augmented mean group (AMG) estimator and common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG) estimator were conducted with a two-way fixed effects (FE) robustness test in this study. Findings The results show that arrival flight delay and departure flight delay had negative effects on revenue, whereas the distance between airports, the number of air passengers and seasonality had positive effects on revenue. Research limitations/implications The data used in this study were retrieved from a Turkish airline company; for future research, other airline companies operating in Turkey may be included. Practical implications These findings could be evaluated by air transportation leaders to provide a guide to make strategic decisions to achieve greater performance in this competitive environment. Originality/value The originality of the paper comes from the facts that besides distance and number of passengers, the authors control for the seasonality when assessing the effects of flight delay on revenue; they use panel data techniques, which permit them to control for individual heterogeneity, and create more variability, more efficiency and less collinearity among the variables; they use two recent panel data techniques, CCEMG and AMG, allowing for cross-section dependence.

The status of women and fertility

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Piepmeier ◽  
T. S. Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Women's Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Women’S Status ◽  
The Status ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Interaction Research ◽  
Status Of Women

SummaryThere is a great deal of interest in the relation between the status of women and fertility—by humanists, academics and policy-makers concerned with bringing about fertility declines. The three aspects of women's status most frequently linked to fertility are their education, employment and type of husband-wife interaction. Research to date has not given us a clear and consistent explanation of these relationships and has not confirmed causality. The effects of these three factors on fertility vary considerably across national boundaries and even within different sectors of the same society. Some of the assumptions held by both researchers and policymakers must be re-thought in the interests of more useful future research and of sounder policy.

Families of Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Policy, Funding, Services, and Experiences

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 349-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Hewitt ◽  
John Agosta ◽  
Tamar Heller ◽  
Ann Cameron Williams ◽  
Jennifer Reinke
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Home Support ◽  
The Status ◽  
Services And Supports ◽  
At Home

Abstract Families are critical in the provision of lifelong support to individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Today, more people with IDD receive long-term services and supports while living with their families. Thus, it is important that researchers, practitioners, and policy makers understand how to best support families who provide at-home support to children and adults with IDD. This article summarizes (a) the status of research regarding the support of families who provide support at home to individuals with IDD, (b) present points of concern regarding supports for these families, and (c) associated future research priorities related to supporting families.

Relationship between availability of WLB practices and financial results

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inocencia María Martínez-León ◽  
Isabel Olmedo-Cifuentes ◽  
M. Eugenia Sanchez-Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Senior Managers ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Business Results ◽  
Audit Firms ◽  
Return On Capital ◽  
Flexible Work Practices

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of work-life balance (WLB) practices on the financial results of Spanish accounting audit SMEs.Design/methodology/approachUsing survey data from 148 Spanish accounting audit SMEs, a regression analysis was developed to estimate the direct effects of WLB practices on firms’ financial results (return on capital employed and return on assets). Firm age and size are considered as control variables.FindingsSenior managers should foster some WLB practices (time-reduction and flexible-work practices) so as to enhance SME audit firms’ financial results. Work-leave practices should be analyzed so as to promote some positive outcomes for firms, through internal reorganization or by reorienting employees to resorting to the most beneficial practices.Practical implicationsNot all WLB practices have positive effects on the business results of SMEs. Therefore, managers may try to reduce these negative effects or redirect employees to WLB practices that have more positive effects on their firms’ financial results. Strategic information is also provided to employees and public institutions about fostering WLB in SMEs.Social implicationsThe availability of WLB practices has been deemed fundamental not only for policy makers and society, but also for the organizational culture and for human resource management practices.Originality/valueThis study is the first to investigate the association between the availability of WLB initiatives in SMEs and firms’ financial results.

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