scholarly journals Production costs of the chemical industry in the EU and other countries: Ammonia, methanol and light olefins

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 1205-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aikaterini Boulamanti ◽  
Jose A. Moya
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Light Olefins ◽  
The Eu

scholarly journals Influence of the Climate Policy of the European Union on the Competitiveness of Pollution-generating Sectors of the Polish Economy in the Context of Sustainable Development

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Burchard-Dziubińska
Keyword(s):  
Climate Policy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Greenhouse Gasses ◽  
Common System ◽  
Eu Climate Policy ◽  
Polish Economy ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
The Eu

The text analyses the influence of the EU climate policy on the competitiveness pollution-generating of sectors of the Polish economy. Study of literature and the results of the questionnaire survey, carried out in 2008 in enterprises located in Poland and representing the steel, glass, aluminium and cement industries became a basis for formulating conclusions concerning the consequences of the climate policy already implemented and planned after 2012. The EU climate policy, particularly the common system of emission allowances trade, makes the enterprises face new developmental barriers. The expected increase in production costs will not only slow down the production dynamics, but may also entail lowering the competitiveness of Polish companies compared to companies from outside the EU, to which the greenhouse gasses emission limits do not apply. Adverse consequences for employment and for regional development should also be considered indisputable. If that was accompanied by an emission leakage outside the EU, achieving the global purposes of the climate policy would also become questionable. The businesses surveyed represent industries which are pollution generators by their nature and even ecologically-oriented technological progress is incapable of ensuring considerable emission reductions without general switching of the economy to renewable energy sources.

Production and other ecosystem services from extensive grassland-based systems in Europe: policy options and technical innovations

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 247-247
Author(s):  
A Peeters
Keyword(s):  
Production Costs ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Land Prices ◽  
Surface Unit ◽  
Extensive Range ◽  
Accession Countries ◽  
Technical Innovations ◽  
Forage Yields ◽  
The Eu

Extensive systems Extensive agricultural systems are usually presented as a type of agriculture that uses low quantity of inputs per surface unit (land), like fertilizers, feeds, seeds, pesticides, irrigation water and energy. They are frequently associated with low investments (capital) in machinery and/or buildings per surface unit and low land prices. They can also be characterized by labour-extensive systems. European extensive grassland-based systems are mainly located at high latitudes (Scandinavia) and high altitudes (mountain areas), in Mediterranean dry rangelands, in the lowlands of the Eastern part of the Union (recent accession countries), as well as in hills and uplands of the British Isles. Grasslands and rangelands covered 56 million ha (33% AA) in the EU-27 in 2005. This area included about 17.5 million ha of rangelands, in mountain and Mediterranean areas mainly (EUROSTAT, 2008). Extensive grasslands and rangelands cover thus more than 30% of the total grassland and rangeland area in Europe. Forage yields and animal productions per ha are significantly lower in these areas compared with intensive lowland grasslands. For instance an extensive range can produce about 5-6 times less DM/ha than fertilised grasslands. Production costs per kg of product are often significantly higher in extensive systems. Farmers must manage larger areas in these systems for a total income that is regularly lower compared wit smaller intensive farms.

Potential for Implementation of Environmental Management Systems & the EU Ecolabel in the Marble Sector

2013 ◽  
Vol 548 ◽  
pp. 157-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Gazi ◽  
George Skevis ◽  
Maria Founti
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Iso 14001 ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Environmental Management Systems ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Eu Ecolabel ◽  
Marble Industry

Marble is a financially important and highly versatile material used extensively in construction, decoration and art. The marble industry however is generated with low production efficiency, high waste material generation, high production costs and overall lack of sustainable resources management. A step towards improving the energy efficiency and environmental performance of the marble sector would be the adoption of ecological schemes that are already into force both at national and international levels. The most commonly used schemes are Environmental Management Systems that are focused on the general environmental performance of the enterprise, such as the EU EMAS (Eco-Management and Audit Scheme) and the international EN ISO 14001:2004 standard and ecolabelling schemes, such as the EU Ecolabel, focusing on specific products or services. The present work aims to provide a concise summary of the technical requirements and procedures for obtaining such environmental certificates, assess the current state of the art in terms of environmental performance of a typical marble plant and enhance the ecological awareness of the sector. A detailed analysis of the technical requirements for achieving EMAS III registration and obtaining the EU Ecolabel for hard floor coverings is presented and the potential for a typical SME marble industry for meeting the above requirements is quantified. Possible measures that may improve the overall environmental impact are proposed. It is further shown that the process of meeting the necessary criteria for obtaining the above certificates will also lead to the adoption of best engineering practices and the production of high added value products.

scholarly journals Major tendencies in livestock changes after the EU accession

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 422-428
Author(s):  
Levente Komarek
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Production Structure ◽  
Industry Chain ◽  
The Eu

In the mid 80s Hungarian agriculture belonged to the forefront of the world in many respects, despite the fact that there was a lot to do regarding yields, production costs, production structure, and the fastness of adaptability to markets and establishing accordance between the elements of the food industry chain. The mid 1980s witnessed an energetic improvement despite the unequal pace, and then followed an era of different tensions and imbalances in Hungarian agriculture. At the time of the regime change the agricultural sector, and particularly animal production within that, suffered from the signs of crisis and it was getting into an increasingly difficult position. The vast majority of the agricultural large scale farms ceased to exist, and most of the arable land was privatised. Production fell back, its composition became more heterogeneous, sometimes with an irrational production structure and selling difficulties arouse. Profitability decreased in the field of animal production generally, and some activities even had losses. The domestic consumption fallback, which was caused by the farmers’ lack of capital, the unorganised production, and the decrease in living standards, produced an amount of unsellable goods and it made the otherwise low profitability even worse. The low level of profitability resealed in unjustified production decline and led to the fact that the number of domestic animals in Hungary decreased to a never experienced depth. Today there are positive changes in the field of animal production, which might result in the long-term growth of our livestock. This study was designed to present the major tendencies and spatial characteristics of Hungarian livestock.

scholarly journals Performance indicators for monitoring Safety Management Systems in chemical industry

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Jovasevic-Stojanovic ◽  
Bozidar Stojanovic
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Environmental Performance Indicators

The development of the Safety Management System (SMS) in chemical industry appears as one of the important requirements introduced by the EU 'Seveso II' Directive on the control of major-accident hazards. This paper aims to provide a contribution regarding the SMS structure and the definition of the tools for assessing the effectiveness of this system by means of safety performance indicators. The performance indicators are linked to a reference values or policy targets, illustrating how far the SMS is from the desired level. We developed a system of performance indicators for SMS in chemical industry by using the concept of environmental performance indicators defined in standard ISO 14031. A set of three types of safety system performance indicators was proposed: management performance indicators, operational performance indicators and safety status indicators. These indicators represent the most important factors in the linkage between a possible cause of an accident and its effects.

PROFITABILITY OF PEACH AND APRICOT PRODUCTION IN POLAND

2018 ◽  
Vol XX (6) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Piotr Brzozowski ◽  
Krzysztof Zmarlicki
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Late Spring Frost ◽  
Weather Risk ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this study, based on 28 interviews with growers, was to learn about cost of production and profitability of peaches and apricots grown in Mazowieckie and Lubelskie Voivodships (Poland). The production of these species in Poland is associated with high weather risk. In the analyzed period of 2016-2018 production of these fruit was profitable in 2016 and 2018, and unprofitable in 2017 due to late spring frost. The area of cultivation and crops of these fruit decreased significantly after Poland’s accession to the EU due to competition of fruit from southern Europe. According to the vast majority of peach and apricot producers, the profitability decreased during this time. The production costs are as high as 18.7 thousand PLN per hectare for peaches and 17.4 thousand PLN per hectare for apricots. What is more crucial for the producer, about 55% of annual costs are current cash expenses; for raw materials, wages of hired employees and ongoing machinery costs (fuel). Therefore, possible losses, when sales revenues do not cover these costs, discourage producers from continuing growing. This way cultivation is shifting to smaller farms, which supply local markets and have the possibility to sell at retail markets.

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