Natural gas formation in the western Nile delta (Eastern Mediterranean): Thermogenic versus microbial

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudius Vandré ◽  
Bernhard Cramer ◽  
Peter Gerling ◽  
Jutta Winsemann
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Gas Formation

Computational Simulation of Boil-Off Gas Formation inside Liquefied Natural Gas Tank Using Evaporation Model in ANSYS Fluent

2013 ◽  
Vol 393 ◽  
pp. 839-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Shukri Zakaria ◽  
Kahar Osman ◽  
Mohd Noor Asril Saadun ◽  
Muhammad Zaidan Abdul Manaf ◽  
Mohd Hafidzal Mohd Hanafi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Evaporation Model ◽  
Gas Formation ◽  
Lng Tank

Research on the waste energy and emission has been quite intensive recently. The formation, venting and flared the Boil-off gas (BOG) considered as one of the contribution to the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission nowadays. The current model or method appearing in the literature is unable to analyze the real behavior of the vapor inside Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) tank and unable to accurately estimate the amount of boil-off gas formation. In this paper, evaporation model is used to estimate LNG Boil-Off rate (BOR) inside LNG tank. Using User Define Function (UDF) hooked to the software ANSYS Fluent. The application enable drag law and alternative heat transfer coefficient to be included. Three dimensional membrane type LNG cargos are simulated with selected boundary condition located in the United States Gulf Coast based on average weather conditions. The result shows that the value of BOR agrees well with the previous study done with another model and with International Marine organization (IMO) standard which is less than 0.15% weight per day. The results also enable us to visualize the LNG evaporation behaviors inside LNG tanks.

Research on the Natural Gas Enrichment Regularity of Es1 Layer in Yangxin Subsag of Jiyang Depression

2013 ◽  
Vol 734-737 ◽  
pp. 147-151
Author(s):  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Wen Tao Li ◽  
Zhi Hong Gan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Source Rock ◽  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Southern Slope ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Gas Source ◽  
Gas Formation ◽  
Reservoir Development ◽  
Preservation Condition

Natural gas resource of Es1 layer in Yangxin subsag is very abundant. Natural gas formation, enrichment conditions and regularity are analyzed in this paper. Geochemistry analysis shows that natural gas resource of Es1 layer in Yangxin subsag belongs to biological origin gas. The sedimentary environment, ground temperature, gas source rock and preservation condition of the study area is advantageous, which provide a guarantee for natural gas generation and preservation. Research shows that natural gas enrichment in the lower part of Es1 layer because of limestone reservoir development, and on the horizontal direction natural gas is mainly enrichment in the eastern nose structure zone and southern slope zone. The both zones are the preferred zone for natural gas exploration in the study area.

scholarly journals Biomarker evidence for nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial blooms in a brackish surface layer in the Nile River plume during sapropel deposition

Geology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1088-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole J. Bale ◽  
Rick Hennekam ◽  
Ellen C. Hopmans ◽  
Denise Dorhout ◽  
Gert-Jan Reichart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Nile River ◽  
Head Group ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Heterocystous Cyanobacteria ◽  
Primary Core ◽  
Sediment Layers

Abstract Sapropels are organic-rich sediment layers deposited in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during precession minima, resulting from an increase in export productivity and/or preservation. Increased freshwater delivery from the African continent resulted in stratification, causing deepwater anoxia, while nutrient input stimulated productivity, presumably at the deep chlorophyll maximum. Previous studies have suggested that during sapropel deposition, nitrogen fixation was widespread in the highly stratified surface waters, and that cyanobacteria symbiotic with diatoms (diatom-diazotroph associations, DDAs) were responsible. Here we analyzed sapropel S5 sediments for heterocyst glycolipids (HGs) from three locations in the eastern Mediterranean. HG biomarkers can differentiate between those heterocystous cyanobacteria that are free living (found predominately in freshwater or brackish environments) and those that are from DDAs (found in marine settings). In our primary core, from a location which would have been influenced by the Nile River outflow, we detected a HG with a pentose (C5) head group specific for DDAs. However, HGs with a hexose (C6) head group, specific to free-living cyanobacteria, were present in substantially (up to 60×) higher concentration. These data suggest that at our study location, free-living cyanobacteria were the dominant diazotrophs, rather than DDAs. The C6 HGs increased substantially at the onset of sapropel S5 deposition, suggesting that substantial seasonal cyanobacterial blooms were associated with a brackish surface layer flowing from the Nile into the eastern Mediterranean. Two additional S5 sapropels were analyzed, one also from the Nile delta region and one from the region between Libya and southwestern Crete. Overall, comparison of the HG distribution in the three S5 sapropels provides evidence that all three locations were initially influenced by surface salinities that were sufficiently low to support free-living heterocystous cyanobacteria. While free-living heterocystous cyanobacteria continued to outnumber DDAs during sapropel deposition at the two Nile-influenced sites, DDAs, indicators of persistent marine salinities, were the dominant diazotrophs in the upper part of the sapropel at the more westerly site. These results indicate that N2 fixation by free-living cyanobacteria offers an important additional mechanism to stimulate productivity in regions with strong river discharge during sapropel deposition.

Salt tectonics in the Eastern Mediterranean: Chronology, kinematics, and driving forces

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elchanan Zucker ◽  
Yechiel Ben Zeev ◽  
Yehouda Enzel ◽  
Zohar Gvirtzman
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Deep Basin ◽  
Squeeze Out ◽  
Levant Basin ◽  
Levant Margin

<p>In the Late 1970’s, a slope-parallel normal fault system has been recognized offshore Israel. ~25 years later, a system of folds and thrust faults was recognized farther west in the deep Levant Basin. Initially, this combination of updip extension and downdip contraction seemed to fit the classic paradigm known from other salt basins around the world in which sediments overriding salt glide basinward and produce extension upslope and contraction in the deep basin. However, later studies in the Levant Basin showed that the shapes of the updip extension system and the downdip contractional system do not match; the updip normal faults are trending to the NNE, whereas the deep basin folds are trending to the NW and even to the WNW.</p><p>We propose that while extension of the Levant continental slope expresses basinward gliding, the deep basin shortening belongs to the circum-Nile deformation belt (CNDB) that was previously interpreted as an expression of salt squeezing-out from under the Nile Delta.</p><p>However, careful mapping of the salt-overburden thicknesses around the Nile delta and its submarine cone clearly shows that in the majority of the study area salt squeeze-out cannot be the dominant driving force, because the thick delta load (nearshore) does not reach the thick basin salt (distal basin). The dominating driving force in the western side of the Nile Delta towards the Herodotus Basin, as well as along the Levant continental margin, is simply the elevation gradient towards the lowest place leading to downslope gliding of the sediment-salt sequence.</p><p>Only in the easternmost side of the delta, towards the Levant Basin, does the squeeze-out model work. Here, the delta front covers a thick salt layer and differential loading promotes basinward salt flow. Particularly interesting is the southeast corner of the Mediterranean where the CNDB, driven by differential loading (salt squeezing), is pushed against the Levant margin belt, driven by downslope gliding. By improving the chrono-stratigraphy of the Levant Basin we show that during the first 2.5 my after salt deposition only minor deformation occurred. Then, tilting of the Levant margin (inland uplift) initiated downward gliding and rapid extension; and only ~1 my later the CNDB reached the Levant Basin and started suppressing the downward gliding.</p><p>In a wider perspective our analysis shows that the role of salt squeezing by differential loading was previously overestimated in the Eastern Mediterranean and raises the need to carefully map the boundary of the salt basins prior to any interpretation. This conclusion is especially relevant to young basins where deltas and shelves have not propagated far enough into the basin.</p>

Israel and Turkey will reap benefits of reconciliation

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Humanitarian Aid ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Content Type

Significance The deal, signed on June 28, puts an end to a long and bitter dispute between the two former strategic partners-turned-rivals that was ignited by the Mavi Marmara incident in 2010, when nine Turkish citizens were killed by Israeli commando forces who boarded the Gaza-bound aid ship in the Eastern Mediterranean. Impacts Bilateral trade will receive a boost, particularly in natural gas and related industries (for example, phosphates), tourism and shipping. Sales of defence-related items may resume in the medium term. Increased humanitarian aid to Gaza will help relieve domestic pressure on Hamas. The deal could unravel in the event of a new conflict between Hamas and Israel. US diplomatic efforts will play an important role in underpinning the agreement.

Mechanisms and Kinetics of Reactions Leading to Natural Gas Formation during Coal Maturation

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. M. Butala ◽  
Juan Carlos Medina ◽  
Terrence Q. Taylor ◽  
Calvin H. Bartholomew ◽  
Milton L. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Formation ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS AND GEOPOLITICAL FRAGILITY IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (72) ◽  
pp. 235-249
Author(s):  
Ioannis NOMIKOS ◽  
Raagini SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transatlantic Relations ◽  
Shared Identity ◽  
Transatlantic Relationship ◽  
Future Economic Development

The landmasses of the USA and EU which are on the opposing sides of the Atlantic Ocean have come into focus once again, socially and culturally linked ideals, such asdemocracy and human rights were always the backbone in the transatlantic relationship along with the joint commitments for free-market capitalism which were entrenched within theinterests of the two major partners. The transatlantic relationship is reportedly plagued by difficulties. Since the establishment of NATO in 1949, transatlantic relationship has been at thecentre of discussions for the United States and Europe. It keeps the two regions working together to combat the challenges in the world where there are conflicts. Common Institutionsand Shared Identity are the core principles which unites the two regions. From relations with Russia and China to the policies on Iran and Syria's weapons control and climate change,transatlantic relations have arisen on world affairs today. On the other hand the geopolitical dynamics with the recent discoveries of significant natural gas deposits in the EastMediterranean region in the offshores of Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Israel has become a hot spot for energy extraction. With the discovery of Eastern Mediterranean's natural gas fields likeTamar, Leviathan, Zohr and Aphrodite, and it has made transformative effect on the region. Energy is going to be crucial for future economic development in the Eastern Mediterraneanregion. The recent gas discoveries have been anticipated as offering an impetus for new levels of energy cooperation, as well as generating space for a larger power base and solidifyingstability in the region.Keywords: EU, USA, NATO, East-Mediterranean Sea, Russia, China, Energy, Security

Cyprus and Aegean rows are cooling Greco-Turkish ties

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The Eu

Subject Renewed tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean. Significance After two decades of relative calm, military tensions are on the rise again in the Eastern Mediterranean. At the same time as Turkey is trying to prevent efforts to explore for natural gas off the coast of Cyprus, relations between Athens and Ankara are being strained in the Aegean. These events seem to be driven by an increasingly nationalist outlook in Turkey, which appears to be fuelled by developments in Syria, Ankara’s growing estrangement from its NATO partners and the prospect of elections. Impacts As political relations between Greece and Turkey further deteriorate, economic relations between them will decrease. Calls may grow for Cyprus talks to restart, but a settlement will be harder to find without goodwill between Athens and Ankara. Turkey’s relationship with the EU will be put under further strain as Athens and Nicosia demand solidarity from their European partners.

Was Alexandria (Egypt) Destroyed in A.D. 365? A Famous Historical Tsunami Revisited

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2662-2673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stathis C. Stiros
Keyword(s):  
Produced Water ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Ammianus Marcellinus ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Historical Tsunami ◽  
Aegean Arc ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract Ammianus Marcellinus, a fourth-century writer, reported that after an earthquake, on 21 July 365, the sea retreated and then flooded numerous coasts, among them Alexandria (Egypt) and Methoni (southwest Greece). Several other ancient authors seem to mention this event as a “universal earthquake.” The inferred tsunami is usually assigned to reactivation of a fault in the Hellenic (Aegean) Arc, derived from an up to 9 m seismic uplift of Crete. Modeling of this uplift revealed an 8.5+ magnitude earthquake and a tsunami that affected most of the Eastern Mediterranean. For Alexandria, a flooding wave arrival is predicted, and marginal impacts are not excluded because of the topography of the ancient town. On the other hand, ancient sources lead to contradictory results, from no damage to devastation, but new historical evidence indicates that many of the historical reports of the critical period are biased by religious and political ideas, and the Ammianus description was questioned. Hence, for Alexandria there exist three scenarios: major destruction, marginal damage, and no damage by the 365 tsunami. To shed light to this debate (1) ancient sources were analyzed in view of new evidence for their significance, (2) possible impacts of a tsunami in the town’s infrastructure were discussed, and (3) possible impacts of a major destruction were investigated in the framework of the well-known ecclesiastical and civil history of Alexandria. The main conclusions of this study are that (1) no significant tsunami destruction is likely for Alexandria, in agreement with sedimentary evidence, and no major tsunami runup for Methoni; (2) a major earthquake in 365 is likely offshore Crete; and (3) it is inferred that Ammianus brings together two tsunamis, a local slump offshore that produced water retreat and then flooding and local denudation in the eastern Nile Delta, and a second tsunami generated by a fault offshore Crete or in the Ionian and the Adriatic Sea.

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